Poverty And Power The Structural Theory Essay - 1773 Words

Jillian Berry Ryan Halloran Race Poverty in the Americas Section 003 10/28/16 Analysis of the Structural Ideology Applied to Poverty in America America has suffered an enormous increase in the rate of poverty. Poverty is thoroughly ignored in this country, and as Royce outlines in his book Poverty and Power, there are two main views as to why people end up in, and cannot escape poverty. The first of the two views is the individualistic theory, saying that the root of poverty lies in the person itself. The other view is the structural theory, which states that the failure lies in the hands of society. In this paper, I will be evaluating what Royce feels are strengths and weaknesses of the structural theory by analyzing the structural inadequacies found in the economic, political, cultural, and social systems in the United States. Royce starts off with the economic system, stating that the condition of the economy is the most substantial factor that contributes to the economic welfare of the American people. To expand on that, the economy controls two very impor tant things: the availability of jobs, and the pay of said available jobs. Royce says that varying rates of poverty are determined by the abundance, of lack thereof, of employment opportunities. Available jobs are dwindling, and there is an even lower number of jobs that have a liveable wage (87). Royce goes on to outline four different reasons as to why the jobs are less available and less financially adequate.Show MoreRelatedBehind the Beautiful Forevers Analysis1198 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Beautiful Forevers – Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity† does not attempt to solve problems or be an expert on social policy; instead, Boo provides the reader with an objective window into the battles between extremities of wealth and poverty. â€Å"Behind the Beautiful Forevers,† then, exposes the paucity and corruption prevalent within India. Boo’s story begins in Annawadi, a trash-strewn slum located by the Mumbai International Airport. This â€Å"sumpy plug of slum† had a population of threeRead MoreChild Poverty : An Advancing Social Issue Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this paper, discussions will take place on, child poverty, an advancing social issue in New Zealand. Also, reasons why child poverty is a social issue in New Zealand will be debated. In addition, key concepts of three core sociological perspectives; structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism and conflict perspective will be explored. Followed by, explanations of child poverty in New Zealand, from each of the three perspectives will be given in order to explore the different viewpointsRead MoreTalcott Parsons And Structural Functionalism1428 Words   |  6 Pages Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promot e solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structure that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms. This approach looks at both social structure and social institutions. A common analogy, popularized by Herbert SpencerRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty and Crime1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Many people living in poverty do not want to be living in poverty. In order to obtain a higher level of socioeconomic status, crime is seen as the only option.† (Wilson, 1987). Crime exists everywhere in the world – in rural and urban areas in many countries, in the East and West, and among all types of people. This has led many government officials, especially those in urban areas, to focus largely on the reduction of crime among their respective constituencies and has led others to speculateRead More`` Red Tape : The Bureaucracy, Structural Violence And Poverty1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthe poverty line, and struggling to meet even their most basic needs. This poverty has been long researched and discussed, as many political figures and anthropologists, such as Akhil Gupta are attempting to find a solution. 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Privacy Protection Through a Code of Conduct Essay example

In an effort to develop a viable privacy culture within the organization, the first step to achieve the enhancement of a culture of privacy protection within the department would be to develop a code of conduct. Based on the reality that such a code, usually referred to as a code of ethics is seen to be the basis of any ethics program it would only be prudent to institute the development of the same as a starting point. Such a code of conduct should be developed in such a manner as to be able to address previous unethical conducts within the department as well as project into the future so as to prevent future acts that would be unethical. However, for such a policy to take root, its development should be instituted by all stakeholders for†¦show more content†¦Human capital being one of the greatest aspects of attaining high productivity can be achieved in this way. This is because the department’s continued excellence is borne upon the maintenance of high levels of p rivacy protection, it would thus be only be prudent if there was engagement in a training program that would lay emphasis on how the same can be attained and maintained throughout the department. Through training, a strong sense of ensuring privacy protection would be achieved to a level of enhancing a culture of privacy protection. Upon the establishment of these two, there is then need to initiate a regular communication process. Previous indications have proved that discrepancies within departments have arisen more so where the staff have little knowledge of the expected norm. To this end, it is imperative that there is need to incorporate efficient communication strategies within the department. To be infective in this, after the code of conduct policy has been formulated and there are steps towards training the department’s personnel, then there is need to initiate these communication strategies as they would enhance the development of a culture that has respect to privacy protection. This would be most effective if the communication would be initiated through the Human Resource department with a vital reference to the executive as the stake owners of the initiative. As a precaution, there would also be the introduction of aShow MoreRelatedManagement Plan for Security and Privacy Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Plan for Security and Privacy 1 Management Plan for Security and Privacy 2 Abstract Many times, disaster recovery planning fails to consider how diverse regulations and compliance issues will impact an organization after a natural disaster strikes (Talon, 2006). 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However, what one values as appropriate behaviors dependedRead MoreCode Of Conduct And Its Effects On The Organization1617 Words   |  7 Pagesprocedures, physical resources, equipment, software and logi cal protection need to take place regularly. These will highlight opportunities and potential threats that can be dealt with effectively by strategic planning. Codes of Conduct Code of conduct is a communication policy and it is a part of employment contract. Code of conduct is created and signed by the individuals who needs to access the organisations’ system places. Codes of conduct include many policies. One of them is internet usage policyRead MoreCode Of Ethics For Nurses1114 Words   |  5 Pages Professional Code of Conduct Fadrique R. Charlot Nova Southeastern University Professional Code of Conduct Health professionals hold the commitment of providing quality health care to the society in order to fulfil the health concerns of the general population presented daily. 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This growth has become a tool for people to participate in social media as well as an economic and strategic tool for business today. As more people gain access to the web, new markets open for companies to conduct business globally. Small and large companies can make joint ventures or buy and sell goods around the world with a few clicks of a mouse and entering a method of payment. However these benefits do come with a cost. The exchange of information betweenRead MoreThe Right Of Privacy, By Warren And Brandeis1308 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy has been apart of civilization as far back as the Greeks, but it is difficult to def ine due to the multiple different personal and social dimensions. Advancements in technology can be responsible for changes in the conception of privacy and for the adjustments in society made privacy rules and norms. Technology has caused basic laws put into place to protect our privacy to be outdated. 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Watering An Expressional Gardening System -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Watering An Expressional Gardening System? Answer: Introduction: Use of Information Technology is required by kind of business. Small businesses can get benefited by the positive effects through adopting information technology. The Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery, Colorado is a kind of small business. This garden centre uses manual registers from maintaining and tracking inventory and find products that bring most profit. The following report analyzes use of information system at the nursery, considering different answers arising from various questions, concerning advantages and disadvantages of new POS or Point of Sale Systems, an idea of centralized databases and so on. It also includes a contribution of POS in decision making and recommending telecommunication options for POS system. Advantages and Disadvantages of new POS systems: Advantages Discussion Improved efficiency This helps in saving time through memorizing product prices enhancing the confidence of users. Stock Management Current POS systems help every stock to be scanned under delivery and could be entered into the digital database. Accurate Reports Best reporting capabilities of POS identifies general sales trends like seasonal variations in demand of a product (Cui et al. 2016). Employee tracking Using distinct identification codes or clerk codes helps each employee to get linked to particular transactions. This is helpful instead of determining how many members have been using the similar machine. Disadvantages Discussion Cost of Web Access However, this additional advantage comes at an additional cost, in that you will need to pay for Internet access on your registers as well as a monthly fee to the provider. Updates In addition to the complications and costs that come with these updates, you may need to invest in hardware updates as well (Rahman and Ripon 2014). These updates can result in significant continuing prices for something that is supposed to be an investment that brings long-term returns. Security Risks Though most providers of point of sale stations offer significant security protection, they can never negate the security risk altogether, and the convenience of making your system widely accessible can come at a certain level of danger. Ways in which POS system help business gain competitive advantages: POS system refers to the method in which every store is aware when to order additional stock. Each time, anything gets sold POS System upgrades sever and inventory amount changes. POS serves as the location where checkout or transaction takes place. POS can track internal stock and schedule replenishment stock from various external sources (Stamam, Bakar and Radzi 2016). Managing inventory is a crucial part of the Information system. Inventory management has been primarily regarding specifying placement and size of different stored goods. Further, it is also needed at various locations of supply chains. It encompasses all the things from carrying the expense of inventory, demand and inventory forecasting, replenishment lead time, inventory valuation, price forecasting, inventory visibility, returns of various defective goods and quality management. To balance the process efficiently is a consistent process. This is because inventory has been fluid and always changing. Advantages of having a centralized database: Advantages Discussion Improving data preservation Centralized databases enhance preservation. They often involve an effective set-up of fault tolerance and a redundant storage preserving data. This takes place although during any catastrophic failure of hardware within the hard drive. Enhancing physical security Various locally stored data denotes ongoing physical risk to safety. Improves Physical Security A centralized storage of database and appropriate server room blocks direct access towards any single location or minor group of people. Improving Data Security Since businesses have been maintaining a considerable amount of sensitive information of consumers, data protection has been a mission-critical challenge. Supplying data security under central storages of database gives rise to lesser changes than assuring safety around various local storage sites (Yang and Hwang 2015). Policies of data access limit damages that any compromised computer performs. This is as similar to implement encrypted virtual private networks, rigorous password protection and firewalls. Reducing costs Different centralized storages need business in investing highly in server technology like fault tolerance. However, it also helps in cutting overall expenses. Maintaining to central server denotes less cost than continuing to various computers. This is mainly as the business operates in multiple locations. Centralized storage also decreases overall space necessities regarding data processing and storage. Improved Reliability and Update Speed The centralized storage employs larger quality redundancy and components. This makes that notably more reliable than the local storage. The storage of centralized database facilitates virtualizations and delivers comprehensive access to data (Davis and Wang 2015). This is as needed from any place in this world. Upgrades done out on database has been running on centralized storages. This is carried through every end-user, unlike local storage, which is just applicable to that particular computer. Process in which POS facilitates decision making: Effective processes facilitating decision making Discussion Making market smarter Email marketing has been a valuable process for promoting services and products. While integrating to POS, one can easily boost business through recognizing primary trends in the history of customer purchase (Keith Jr, Buckler and Hamilton 2015). Using CRM data from POS for targeting a particular group of customers has been gaining insights to the most efficient way for reaching them and then capitalizing on buying habits. Keeping a close eye on gross margins To analyze performance, there is no need to wait until the end of month or quarter. Setting daily margin goal of gross profit and to see as one achieved it at the close of business has been vital. Instead, POS helps in analyzing why and seeks for scopes to raise the average sale. Rethinking sales floor It is needed to be determined whether the business has been featuring profitable items notably sufficient within their store. Cloud bases POS software permits to recognize departments and products easily making one earn the maximum income (Myatt and Redman 2015). This helps in knowing precisely what order and seek scopes for encouraging customers for buying them. Purchasing with insights Additional inventory has been a primary draining profit, particularly while slow-term items have been taking up a costly real estate. Through analyzing sales reporting and information of inventory smarter decisions can be made. This is regarding how much one has been buying every product carries and phased out totally. Recommended telecommunication options for POS system: LAN: POS terminals can be connected to POS servers through LAN as it supports protocols like TCP/IP or various UDP data transfer. For using the connection option, POS terminal is interconnected to LAN router. It is set up to send POS operations data towards the LAN. Further LAN router gets connected to POS server. WAN: It is a rapid and secure mode of data transmission among networks. Data transmission here is also inexpensive and reliable. One can utilize WAN for accessing distant support agents for downloading logs or to run different utilities for analyzing potential issues. It is also used for remote administration like uploading or programming latest POS parameters with Q-Prog. One is also able to call up reports and then assess sales data from office or home. MAN: Most of the favorite brands of the POS hardware are supported by MAN. It is also helpful to control inventory of stock in maximizing return on capital. Here statements or invoices are also sent to customers quickly and very fast through e-mail. Cash flow can be monitors, and the accounts are used to develop financial performance. Further, POS is easy to use software with various levels of access for every kind of users. Wired media: This is a fixed and easy-to-use line terminal. The reliable and secure POS terminals have been contactless. It is enabled and be conveniently incorporated into POS system. They accept major credit and Debit cards like American Express JCB, UnionPay, Master Card and Visa. It also allows various types of payments like contactless chipcards and magnetic stripe cards. Moreover, it provides IP broadband connectivity for quicker transaction processing like dial-up connectivity option through the telephone line as a backup. It is easy to use and involves backlit screen with keypad regarding every lighting situations. Wireless media: Wireless POS is the usage of wireless devices facilitating payment for services or products. WPOS system or wireless POS comprises of base situation connected directly to a central network and handled devices communicating wirelessly. Risks brought by POS system and protection of business against the risks: Security: The first risk is vendors managing encryption keys with no hardware security module. The business is using corporate network for sending system and security updates to the POS data environments and devices. Thus the business comes at serious risk. As any hacker gets access to network, also gets access to all of their POS data (Muyo, Balute and Gonzales 2017). Further who can memorize intricate passwords delivered by POS device manufacturer it has been incredibly vital that they change the password. This is to be done as once they have hooked device up to their POS software. Privacy: Connection reliability: As there is an Internet outrage, one loses the accessibility to the system. Risk of exposing personal information: Customers using debit and credit cards run on the threat to present their data to other people (Shu 2014). Confidentiality: Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery might become the victim of a breach as any employee unintentionally falls for any scam (Johnson 2016). They might also be in trouble as they supply credentials necessary to provide an attacker access to data. The credit cards issuers start issuing EMV compliant cards storing data on an integrated circuit. They are intended to decrease particular kind of fraud. However, the rise of latest technologies provides cybercriminals with latest avenues of attack (Min and Park 2017). For example, the CNP or card-not-present can be considered here. Conclusion: The report shows that more than anything, Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery, need their latest POS system for elevating their customer experience and operation they provide. It has very likely having opposite impact as the system has never been satisfying every necessity or the employees have not been on board as the study indicates. In the same way, it must be kept in mind, that instead of any proper training and point person to go for troubleshooting, the staff likely struggles to run or get up with that. Hence, the nursery must be engaging their employees early and often throughout the process and set business up for success with new POS. References: Bueno, A.D.O., Anacleto, J.C., Calderon, R., Fels, S. and Lea, R., 2014, June. ICT to support community gardening: a system to help people to connect to each other in real life. InProceedings of the 2014 companion publication on Designing interactive systems(pp. 133-136). ACM. Cui, B., Jiang, J., Huang, Q., Xu, Y., Gui, Y. and Zhang, W., 2016. Pos: A high-level system to simplify real-time stream application development on storm.Data Science and Engineering,1(1), pp.41-50. Davis, W.C. and Wang, Z.J., 2015, June. A Mobile Retail POS: Design and Implementation. InProceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Mobile Big Data(pp. 49-51). ACM. Johnson, M., 2016. Sustainable Backyard Gardening: An Investigation into the Feasibility of Implementing a Small-Scale Aquaponic System for Household Consumption. Keith Jr, J.C., Buckler, A.J. and Hamilton, J.A., 2015. [115-POS]: Development of vascuCAP, an MR image analysis system for longitudinal surveillance of cardiovascular disease in women who developed preeclampsia.Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health,5(1), p.62. Kumar, M.K. and Ravi, K.S., 2016. Automation of irrigation system based on Wi-Fi technology and IOT.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,9(17). Min, B. and Park, S.J., 2017. A Smart Indoor Gardening System Using IoT Technology. InAdvances in Computer Science and Ubiquitous Computing(pp. 683-687). Springer, Singapore. Muyo, P.A., Balute, A.A.N. and Gonzales, D.B., 2017. The Development of the Authorized Valve Distributors POS Data Management System.International Journal of Computer Applications,167(6). Myatt, L. and Redman, C.W., 2015. [103-POS]: An online data collection system for preeclampsia research to enable data harmonization and merging across studies, with generation of very large, statistically powerful datasets: the CoLab Database Project.Pregnancy Hypertension: An International Journal of Women's Cardiovascular Health,5(1), p.56. Rahman, M. and Ripon, S., 2014. Elicitation and modeling non-functional requirements-A pos case study.arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.1936. Rao, K.S. and Nagendra, N., 2017. Automatic Watering of an Expressional Gardening System. Shu, N.I., 2014. Application of POS and CORS Technologies in Photogrammetry.Geospatial Information,5, p.025. Stamam, M.S., Bakar, A.H. and Radzi, S.M., 2016. Perceived ease of use towards point of sales (POS) system: Four and five star hotels in Kuala Lumpur. In3rd International Hospitality and Tourism Conference, IHTC 2016 and 2nd International Seminar on Tourism, ISOT 2016. CRC Press/Balkema. Yang, D. and Hwang, I., 2015, May. Security enhancement methods for mobile POS system. InProceedings of the Second ACM International Conference on Mobile Software Engineering and Systems(pp. 152-153). IEEE Press.

Material of Safety Rolling

Introduction Engineers design and manufacture products from various materials. The materials used in the design must meet some constraints or threshold.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Material of Safety Rolling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following are some of the requirements these materials must meet; withstand stress and strain or loads, be insulators or conductors of heat and electricity, be magnetic or non magnetic, light transmitters or reflectors, resistant to harsh environmental conditions, cost less, able to serve the purposes and impact less on the environment. Designing things not only requires materials but it also demands the application of correct process. The process should not just be any—the chosen process must be compatible with the material that is used (Ashby Johnson, 2002). Today, almost all the materials used were developed over a hundred years ago Over 200 000 materia ls are available to be chosen by engineers, leaving manufacturers, designers, engineers with a challenge that our forefathers experienced in decisively choosing from this long list of options. Selecting the right material and process is driven by factors including material performance, cost-cutting measures and efficiency, and minimizing environmental damage. Innovative design implies envisaging the use of the properties presented to us by different materials. Today, these properties can be found from well documented engineering books. Nonetheless, advances in computer technology have even made things much easier in terms of storage manipulation, thanks to computer aided design. Thinking strategically is imperative when it comes to matching material to design safety rolling. The shape of the final product made determines the choice of the process and vice versa. The relation is two- way traffic —the process too affects the shape, the size, the accuracy and, the price of a com ponent.Advertising Looking for assessment on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifying the shape limits the option of material and process, similarly, specifying the process restricts the materials to be used and the types of shapes they form. The more complicated the design is the more you will be limited to the specifications. This explains the close relationship between the two. The relationship between material, shape and process is at the core of the selection process. Material selection strategy is needed to deal with the problem of designing material of safety rolling. The processes steps to be followed include: Translation: Design constraints, objective and free variables Translation is ‘‘the process of adapting the design attributes for a component into a statement of function, constraints, objectives and free variables’’. Function means the work that the component can perform. A constraint is an indispensable requirement that must be achieved and is presented as a limit on a material or process quality. An objective is the quantity for which limits (maximum or minimum values) are identified, usually cost, mass or volume, among others. Constraints are applied in the process of screening to isolate candidates that are able to perform the function. Objectives are employed in the ranking process to isolate the materials available that can perform the function. Free variables are the limits or constraints of the material that can be changed by the designer. Material of safety rolling must meet some constraints, but at the same time attain the objective of safety on the environment. The constraints of materials of safety rolling include; material of less toxic elements, Maximum use temperature 600 C, corrosive resistant, maximum strength to withstand breakage, stress, strain; and capacity to be manufactured cheaply. Objective: Maximize the strength of safety rolling; hence maximize safety of the material on the environment at the same time making it strong withstand any strain and stress to avoid breakage when rolling. Free variables are the parameters that can be changed to maximize the objective.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Material of Safety Rolling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The designer is at liberty to alter measurements that are limited to the design requirements. The designer is free to select any material for the component. Free variables for material for safety rolling can be the choice of the material and the cross- sectional area (Callister, 2003). Screening: Five feasible materials for preliminary consideration This step gets rid of materials that cannot perform the specified function. It is either because one or more of their characteristics does not fall in the extreme values- maximum and minimum of the constraints. For example, the con straint that â€Å"the constituent must function in boiling water† or that â€Å"the constituent must not be opaque† sets clear maximum value on the aspect of maximum performance heat and optical properties that qualified candidates must fulfill. Based on the design objective of material of safety rolling, materials that can be preliminarily considered include; metals, polymers, elastomers, ceramics, and glasses. Materials includes the family ‘Metals’, which is further classified into smaller classes like ‘Aluminum alloys’, and other sub-classes. Every material is classified based on a set of characteristics, design properties, the ecological impacts and the applications of the material. This is commonly known as property profile. Selection process comprises, marrying the right property profiles of the materials in the world and that which is needed by the design. The materials from a particular family have similar properties. Metals are fairl y stiff, calculated by the modulus, E. Nearly all metals are soft and can be deformed easily in their natural state; this implies that ÏÆ'y is low. Metals can be strengthened by adding alloys and by mechanical and heat treatment, raising ÏÆ'y, however they retain their ductility, making it possible to be made by the process deformation. Generally speaking metals are tough, with a high fracture toughness of K1c. They conduct both heat and electricity. Ceramics are non-metallic, inorganic solids, common ones are porcelain or alumina—the material widely used in spark-plug insulators. They have numerous desirable characteristics.Advertising Looking for assessment on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their properties include; stiffness, hard and resistant to abrasive force, maintains their strength when exposed to extreme heat, and they are corrosion resistant. Large portions are used as perfect insulators. But they have disadvantages: unlike metals, they can easily break, and have low K1c. This makes it almost impossible for ceramics to withstand low stress levels (such as holes or cracks) or for extreme joint stresses (like a clamp point). As result of this major drawback, it is easier to design with metals than ceramics. The third group of material are the glasses, these materials are solid, non-crystalline (‘amorphous’). Commonly occurring glasses are the soda-lime and borosilicate glasses widely called bottles and Pyrex ovenware. Other materials are abundant. The absence of crystalline structures stifles their plasticity, thus, similar to ceramics, glasses are hard and extremely resistant to corrosion. They are non conductors and are used as conductors, indeed, they allow light to pass through. Nevertheless, ceramics are brittle and susceptible to stress and strain conditions. Polymers are organic solid compounds with long strands of carbon (or, in several, silicon) atoms. Polymers are not heavy—their densities Ï  are low compared with other lighter metals. Their modulus E is approximately 50 times less compared with other materials like those of metals. They are floppy, strong, and because they are less dense, the strength per unit weight of polymers can be equated to that of metals. Their characteristics are varied based on the changes in temperature hence a polymer that is tough and flexible at room temperature might become brittle at the lower temperatures. But can become tender at boiling point.. Beyond 100 degrees centigrade the strength of polymers becomes useless. You can use these properties in the design. They can be easily shaped (thus the name plastics) thus sophisticated products doing different job are produced from one polymer in just one process. Their characteristics are perfectly suitable for components that stick together, necessitating rapid assembly and less expensive. By precisely determining the size of the mold and prior application of color on the polymer, finishing operations are not required. A well designed process maximizes all the above properties. Elastomers are mostly materials of rubber bands and sports shoes. These are polymers with exceptional properties. The stiffness, determined by E, is very low. Compared with metals, they are 500–5000 times more. The other unique property is that they are capable of being stretched several times their original length but retain their original shape after the stretch. In spite of low stiffness, elastomers are strong and tough. This makes them suitable for car tires (Callister, 2003). Ranking: Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the five materials After screening, the materials are then ranked using material indices. Mat erial property cannot rule out those that are retained. It only aids in ranking those that remain. In order to achieve it an optimization criterion is required. This is embodied in the material indices developed, which measures how perfectly the material has survived the screening process and hence can perform the function. The ability to perform the job is to some extent constrained by either one or more properties. The property or property class that optimizes the capacity to perform a given function for a particular design is known as material index. There are several indices, with every index designed to maximize specific attribute of performance. They present standards of excellence that permit ranking of materials by their capacity to perform well in certain applications. To sum it up whereas screening eliminates materials that have the ability to perform the work, ranking isolates those materials presented that can perform the job better. Re-examining our materials; metals, p olymers, elastomers, ceramics, and glasses it is possible to rank them from the worst suited to the best suited for the job. Starting with metals, they have several advantages. Metals are stiffer, easily deformed in their pure state, can be strengthened by alloying, retain ductility after treatment, and finally they are good conductors of heat and electricity. They have only disadvantages namely; most are corrosive, some are toxic, cancerous and react with other elements. The ceramics have the following advantages; they are stiff, hard and resistant to abrasive force, retain their strength when exposed to extreme heat, and they are resist corrosion. But ceramics have disadvantages too: unlike metals, they are fragile, and have a low K1c. The Advantages of glasses include: easily available, the materials are plenty, hard, resistant to corrosion, and transparent. The disadvantages of glasses can identified as, poor conductors of electricity and heat, vulnerable to stress concentration s and lastly they are brittle. Advantages of polymers: can be easily shaped, hence sophisticated products doing different job are produced from one polymer in just a single operation and stick together, require no finishing operations. Advantages of Elastomers: stiff, easily stretched and return to original shapes and length, tough and strong. The main disadvantage of elastomers is that they are not stiff. The merits and demerits of the five materials leave us with two materials at the top to be considered. The materials can be ranked from the most preferred based on the number of advantages and design limits and properties. Ranked at the top (most preferred) are metals followed by elastomers, polymers, ceramics and glasses (the least preferred) material to be considered. As was aforementioned, metals have other subclasses like alloys- steel, iron, zinc Lead, aluminium, tin and copper. Documentations: Detailed evidence of the key material related to the design constrictions, objecti ves and free variables Documentation is different from the ordered property information employed in the screening process. Normally, it is a description, graphical presentation or pictures and charts of the case studies of earlier functions of the material, success analysis and facts on the corrosion, data about availability and costs, among others. This kind of information can be retrieved from various sources like handbooks, manufacture’s data sheets, case studies of use, and success or failure studies. Documentation aids in narrowing down the selection choice to a final option, permitting final selection to be made between design constraints and material characteristics. Screening and ranking help to reduce or simply eliminate the materials that are not suitable for the job. Without these two steps, then the choices from which to select is vast hence the volume of documentation becomes cumbersome. Closing eyes and blindly choosing any material is an exercise in futility. H owever, after a reasonable number of materials have been isolated by the screening process and ranking step, an in depth analysis (documentation) can be done for the few remaining materials, and the exercise becomes feasible. Figure 1: A flow diagram of selection a process, which is similar to material selection. Metals: metals have various properties- chemical properties, physical properties, thermal properties and mechanical properties. Mechanical properties A steel ruler can ‘elastically’ bend with ease—‘elastically’ implies that it returns back after being released. The elastic stiffness is because of two factors- shape and property of steel itself. Thin size enables it to bend easily and the elastic modulus E is also high. The point here is the steel ruler can bend elastically, although if it is a good one, it is not possible to make it permanently bend. Permanent deformation is linked to the strength of the material but not stiffness. The ease with which a ruler bends permanently is determined by the shape and the different properties of the steel—namely the yield strength, ÏÆ'y. Materials with huge ÏÆ'y, such as titanium alloys, are difficult to bend permanently even if their stiffness, emanating from E, might be low; metals with low ÏÆ'y, for example lead, can bend without any difficulty. When metals bend they become even much stronger. A concept commonly referred to as ‘work hardening’), of course the extreme limits must not be exceeded, called the tensile strength, ÏÆ'ts, exceeding this limit the material deforms. This property of steel makes it a perfect choice of materials of safety rolling. Thermal properties Metal properties change with changes in temperature, generally for the worse. Metals lose their strength at different heat levels. They can oxidize, degrade or worse of are decomposed. It goes without saying that metals have a limiting temperature known as the maximum service temperatu re, Tmax, beyond this their application is not viable. Stainless steel has a highest Tmax—it may be applied up to 800 °C. But most polymers have relatively low Tmax and are rarely used beyond 150 °C. This difference in properties makes it easy to isolate materials. Electrical, magnetic and optical properties Without electrical conductivity man would not have easy access to light, heat, power, control and communication. Metals are good conductors. Copper and aluminum top the list of cheap conductors. Although conductivity to some extent is undesirable fuse boxes, switch casings, the suspensions for power transmission lines all need to be insulted. Materials with high resistivity, Ï e, are required the reverse the electrical conductivity ÃŽ ºe. Many plastics and glass have high resistance thus are used as insulators—although, with special treatment, they can become conductors. There is a close relationship between electricity and magnetism. Electric currents genera te magnetic fields; a rotating magnet creates an electric current to any close conductor (Bralla 1998). Chemical properties Most of the time metals operate in antagonistic environments, subjected to corrosive substances like fluids, to hot gases or to even radioactive radiation. Conditions that corrode metals include damp air, water, the sweat on people’s hands and other corrosive environments. Therefore, for the material or metal to withstand the corrosion, then it must be designed with materials that are less corrosive or at times can be coated with materials which can withstand the environments where they are used. Common surroundings include fresh and salt water, acids and bases, organic solvents, and oxidizing flames (Ashby Johnson, 2002). Final Choice The choice of process is limited by the choice of the material selected. For instance, compared with other materials it is easy to mould polymers. Elastic materials can be forged, rolled and drawn as opposed to materials that are delicate and hence must be shaped in other ways. Materials that thaw at relatively low temperatures and low-viscosity liquids can be cast, while others can be processed by other methods. The shape of the material and product also determines the choice of process. Slender shapes can be designed easily by rolling or drawing but not by casting. It is hard to make hollow shapes by forging, but they can be made by casting or molding. There are different classifications of processes. Manufacturing processes are categorized under the following heading; Primary processes which creates shapes. Primary forming processes include: casting, molding, deformation, powder methods, methods for forming composites, special methods including rapid prototyping. Next are the secondary processes which aim at modifying the shapes or properties. In most cases they are depicted as ‘machining’, which adds some features to an already shaped product, and ‘heat treatment’, whic h improves surface or bulkiness of the properties. Under these we have joining and, lastly, surface treatment (Bralla, 1998). Just like the flow diagram of the selection process of material, a step by step of a manufacturing process can be drawn. Nevertheless, the arrangement of the steps can vary based on the constraints of the design. Basically, three process families have been identified moving from shaping to joining and finally to finishing. It is critical to revisit our major goal of safety rolling i.e. the material being friendly on the environment and at the same time meets some constraints, of safe rolling, material of less toxic elements, maximum use temperature 600 C, corrosive resistant, maximum strength to withstand breakage, stress, strain, and the capacity to be manufactured cheaply. But of course the Objective remains: to maximize the strength of safety rolling; hence maximize safety of the material on the environment at the same time making it strong to withstand any strain and stress to avoid breakage when rolling. Comparing lead and Aluminium, the latter can be the most preferred metal with such properties which is less hazardous both to the environment and human beings. Moreover, it can be safely rolled because it is less ductile. But coating as a way of finishing, increases the cost of the manufacturing process. On the contrary, coating as a finishing process is justified because it hardens, safeguards, or makes the surface more attractive thereby increases its value. In a nutshell, materials have properties like density, strength, cost, and the ability to resist corrosion. Proper design demands a particular profile. It is imperative to begin with the whole set of choices of materials as options. Without going through the steps selection process, the entire process is doomed from the start. The process of engineering design is a multifaceted process for which there is hardly ever a precise right accurate solution. An in depth knowledge o f the loop connecting or linking the function, materials, processes and the shape of materials is inevitable. The right choice of material can minimize costs, and damage on the environment. References Ashby, M.F. and Johnson, K. (2002). Materials and Design the Art and Science of  Material Selection in Product Design, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Bralla, J.G. (1998) Design for Manufacturability Handbook, 2nd edition, McGraw- Hill, New York, USA Callister, W.D. (2003) Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th edition, John Wiley, New York, USA. This assessment on Material of Safety Rolling was written and submitted by user Xavi A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.