Exchange Risks Essay

The challenging issues in international business within the 20th and 21st century are currency and exchange rate risks. In the late 20th century, for instances, it has been clear that exchange rate risks considerations are critical for business survival. The economics crisis in the U. S. and most of European countries has displayed how the value of currencies in international business settings could alter the faith of millions of people, brought some to welfare and others to poverty. Concerning the business strategy into Brazilian market, the plan to strengthen market in the country is greatly influenced by economical factors such as the inflation figure of Brazil and the global economics crisis. The inflation figure is important since it influence the purchasing power of Brazilian. The global economic crisis also influences the country’s exchange rate of Brazilian currency that further influence the pricing of Bimbo bread products. In the light of this involvement, companies need to perform foreign currency risks assessments regarding the business activities. Most companies generally apply some of the financial tools that would protect them from foreign currency risk exposure, like futures, forward contract, etc. Recommendation The first analysis that Bimbo may take in expanding into foreign market is the country risk analysis. This is important factor for Bimbo since retail industry is low concentrated industry in which many local bread providers. In addition, country risk analysis also helps Bimbo in assessing whether a country has a set of policy that benefits business or vice versa. The figure 1 suggests that the more attractive a country is in terms of FDI index, the more likely that Bimbo must immediately presents in the country. Based on the FDI Index, we assess that Bimbo has performed suitable investment in Brazil. Since a country risk is only one factor in deciding a foreign direct investment, Bimbo must perform the next step that is to define marketing objectives to guide the company in assessing their productivity in foreign market. Figure 1 Top 25 Countries in term of FDI Confidence Index Source: A. T. Kearney Challenges of Grupo Bimbo in the U. S Choose the Suitable Entry Strategy In terms of market entry, there are many ways of entering a foreign market; each has its own economic and legal implications. Some entry strategies that multinational companies usually take are joint venture and foreign direct investment. Joint venture is a type of foreign market penetration strategy has a considerably large investment risk but this method consists of an opportunity to learn and create a greater presence in the targeted markets. Companies prefer to perform this type of market entry strategy when dealing with countries whose government put considerable restrictions on foreign ownership (Quick MBA, 2007). In case of Bimbo, the company may conduct joint marketing, for example, with local retailer named Lojas Americanas, a Brazil leading department store chain. This method provides Bimbo with the capability to learn the Brazilian retail market since at that time Customers’ Preferences Other risks in conducting international expansion are cultural issues. This factor then accumulates into becoming customers’ preferences. According to various studies in the field, culture is often an underestimated factor in managing corporate businesses. These studies also revealed that those companies that failed to place culture as an important business consideration often find themselves in a disappointing circumstance. Business investments that cost millions of US dollars could go down the drain due to such failure (Kwintessential, 2007). For instances, the Brazilian and U. S. customers consider the quality of product as the most important factor when deciding to buy merchandises. The other factors are price, value added and packaging. Today, however, realizing the global environment we are living in, companies are becoming increasingly cultural sensitive. There are various examples of corporations that hired people from various backgrounds and discover a synergy within their cooperation. In terms of Bimbo, in order to cope with cultural issues, the company also makes some cultural adjustment such as the use of advertisement media. If in the U. S. , the company spends many television advertising, in the Brazil, Bimbo takes many radio advertisings since many Brazilian housewives listen to the radio more often then watching television. Reference: Ball, Donald A. et al. (2002). International Business the Challenge of Global Competition. McGraw Hill Holt, David H and Wigginton, Karen W. (2002). International Management. Thomson Kotler, Philip. (2000). Marketing Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc Kwintessential. (2007). Cultural Sensitivity in Business. Retrieved October 10, 2008 from http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/cultural-services/articles/cultural-sensitivity. html Quick MBA. (2007). Foreign Market Entry Modes. Retrieved October 10, 2008 from http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/global/marketentry/.

IESE mission and values

I strongly believe that feedback Is an essential Ingredient If performance Is to be maintained – let alone Improved. Therefore, after dealing with the priority of ensuring that all harm was removed from the patient's ways, I approached my assistant with humility and asked to have a private conversation. I actively listened and understood his point of view. I respected him enough to allow himself to explain why the error occurred in the first place and why he was dishonest about the entire transaction being his fault, when asked by another colleague.It was made clear that the dishonesty came from the fear of the consequences of his actions and the error occurred due to negligence. Firstly, I reminded him of the 7 Standards, Ethics and Performance principles that Pharmacists work by, some of which include; making patients our flirts concern, being honest and trustworthy and taking responsibility for our work practices. Even though he may not be a pharmacist, all employees workin g In a professional environment must abide by these principles. I advised him to re- visit the Standard Operating Procedures put In place, to develop his knowledge and competence.In addition, I supported the whole team in collaborating an effective plan to reduce distractions in order to improve patient safety. As a leader of a company that truly believes in championing everyone's right to feel good by delivering products and services through legendary customer care, I also strongly believe that management practices stem from the development and well-being of people. As the Responsible Pharmacist Manager at Alliance Boots, I was in charge of leading a team to provide the best healthcare services to our customers.It was my duty to have regular staff meetings to manage performance thus benefiting the business, the team and the individual. Being the Pharmacist in charge, I am responsible for all On one occasion an error had been made by a senior member of staff regarding the sale of an incorrect prescription medication. He did not confirm the patient's address against the name. Since there was another patient with a similar name, the medication got switched but luckily there no harm was caused. An investigation had to be carried out and the patient was extremely disappointed.After dealing with the priority of ensuring all harm was from the patients way I proceeded my internal investigation. I strongly believe that feedback is an essential ingredient if reference is to be maintained – let alone improved. Therefore, approaching my assistant with humility and respect, I actively listened and understood his point of view as to how and why the error occurred. His initial dishonesty and failure to accept his mistake came from the fear of the consequences of his actions but later admitted his error due to negligence.Firstly, I reminded him of the 7 Standards, Ethics and Performance principles that Pharmacists work by, some of which include; making patients our fi rst concern, being honest and trustworthy and taking susceptibility for our work practices. Even though he may not be a pharmacist, all employees working in a professional environment must abide by these principles. I advised him to re-visit the Standard Operating Procedures put in place, to develop his knowledge and competence.In addition, I supported the whole team in collaborating an effective plan to reduce distractions in order to improve patient safety. As a leader of a company that truly believes in championing everyone's right to feel good by delivering products and services through legendary customer care, I also strongly believe that management practices stem from the development and well-being of people. Elective courses – Management in the healthcare sector. Overseas modules – Nairobi elective for 2 weeks International exchange program – extend networking and more international exposure.Case method study – provide the opportunity of learning f rom a variety of groups and therefore really understand how businesses work all around the world Entrepreneurship has always been significant in ‘See's work 19 months 80 percent international student SIZES Business School believes that the development and well-being of people should e the cornerstone of all management practices MBA program is highly personalized and is therefore greater interaction between student and staff. Strong emphasis on your own abilities to help you develop into an Entrepreneur, a Professional, a responsible leader and as an Individual.Multinational companies come on campus to recruit you. Family business club, Healthcare club Required to Join the Business Spanish Program SIZES Business School is committed to the development of leaders who aspire to have a deep, positive and lasting impact on people, firms and society; to inspiring leaders o work with a spirit of service and integrity, basing their actions on the highest standards of professionalism an d accountability; and to educating leaders to whom we can confidently entrust the future of business and society.Believing that businesses are above all communities of people who work better in an atmosphere of trust, ‘See's mission and core values are articulated in its programs and school culture and carried-out by faculty and staff who lead by example. These emphasize: Respect for others Commitment to the common good of companies and society HumilityLearning and listening Teamwork With these values as a foundation, SIZES programs are structured around five pillars of leadership development: A general management perspective Human and ethical values International dimension Transformational impact Knowledge development After having worked 3 years as a Pharmacist in the leading international pharmacy- led health group, I have had ample time to understand how this incredible business works. As I excelled in my Pharmacist role in Alliance Boots, my curiosity in understanding the underlying factors that generates a successful business stayed reorient.It was not long before this interest was recognized by my seniors and I was promoted to the role – Responsible Pharmacist Manager. I thoroughly enjoyed leading and managing a team in order to produce the best healthcare services to our customers. The insightful exposure to the managerial aspect of my profession made me realism that I want to advance my knowledge and skills in the business aspect of the healthcare industry. Unfortunately, I presently lack the comprehensive understanding of what it takes to be a successful business leader.It was then that I management practices stem from the development and well-being of people. I am truly in favor for ‘See's case study method that I believe will offer insights into areas that I may not be familiar with and brainstorming with students from diverse backgrounds will consequently produce some remarkable work. SIZES offers elective courses in Healthcare m anagement and their overseas modules in Nairobi will best prepare me with the entrepreneurial mindset needed for me to appreciate the ongoing challenges of the industry and help me to have a clearer vision in uncovering some as'. N. Y business solutions.

Management Competency Framework Essay

Introduction Blaenau Gwent’s new competency frameworks have been developed to support the Authority’s ambitions to continually improve the services we provide to our customers. A group representing all Directorates within the Authority developed the frameworks, and consultation also took place with all department management teams to ensure the frameworks are appropriate and fit for purpose. The frameworks are focused on attitudinal and behavioural competencies, rather than those that look at technical skills. This is because we traditionally have been able to address technical gaps in knowledge through established training and development activities. Behavioural and attitudinal development has not had the same intensity of attention, and the frameworks aim to address this, as it is a crucial aspect of continually improving the services we provide. This particular framework applies to those who report to a Divisional/Service Manager and have an operational management role (which includes managing others), or where the professional /technical role requires regular operation at this level. Below are answers to some of the questions you may have about the frameworks. What is a Competency Framework? Competency frameworks are a method of describing the underpinning values that shape and define the culture of the Authority. They also provide clear focus to support the development of staff in order to deliver the best possible services. The competencies within the frameworks have been substantially derived from the People Strategy, the Staff Opinion Survey, and consultation with senior managers, and are focused on ensuring we have the capacity to deliver the strategic objectives of the Authority and make Blaenau Gwent a better place to live and work. There are two generic frameworks that the Authority will be using; 1. Management Competency Framework – this will apply to you if your job involves you supervising or managing other people. The Management Competency Framework splits into 3 levels. The particular level that applies to you depends on the level of your management responsibilities. 2. Generic Competency Framework – this will apply to you if your job does not include supervisory or management responsibilities. There are a number of competencies in each framework. Underneath each is a general description of the competency, followed by a list of attitudes/behaviours that would indicate competence in the relevant area. The list is not exhaustive but is designed to give a flavour of the approach that the Authority encourages in all staff that the framework applies to. There is also a negative statement at the end of each competency to indicate the sort of behaviour that is actively discouraged, as it works against the principle of continual improvement that the Authority is striving for. 3 Why do we need a competency framework? The competency framework serves several purposes, which together enable the Authority to improve and develop its staff and services. The framework: 1. Informs prospective recruits what is expected of them 2. Informs staff of the sort of attitudes and behaviours the Authority encourages when carrying out their duties 3. Informs staff of what they can expect from their managers 4. Shapes and defines a culture based around strong principles such as partnership, continuous improvement, constructive challenge, and being citizen centred 5. Supports staff at all levels in their development in order maximise their potential The frameworks also link to some of the key strategies that drive the objectives of the Authority, such as the People Strategy and the Training & Development Strategy & Policy. The headline competencies are closely linked with the Authority’s strategic objectives, as these are crucial to fulfilling our obligations to our customers. How will they be used? Initially all staff will receive information about the frameworks and be encouraged to informally assess themselves against the framework that applies to them, with a view to developing their skills in all areas of the framework. The frameworks will also be built into a revised Performance Review Scheme (PRS) and recruitment process. The frameworks will be reviewed and revised to ensure they reflect the needs of the Authority and its staff. Leading People Leads and motivates others to continually improve performance. Is approachable, supportive, and demonstrates integrity, fairness, and high personal and professional standards. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Sets the standard of leadership for the service Provides clear direction and goals for the service Takes direct responsibility and is accountable for actions Ensures the principles of equality and diversity are embedded in the service Recognises and celebrates others’ contributions & achievements Challenges inappropriate behaviour A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Consider it someone else’s job to inspire the service Communicating the Vision Sees the â€Å"big picture†. Interprets and sets out how the vision is linked to the service. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Translates the vision into operational objectives Develops long term objectives and strategies for own service area to achieve the vision Proactively promotes the vision to others Ensures others understand how their role contributes to achieving the vision A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Regard the vision as unconnected from service objectives Facilitating High Performance and Results Is enthusiastic, ambitious, determined, and confident to challenge, ensuring high levels of personal and service achievement. Has stamina and willpower to deliver results. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Is committed to continually improving performance of self and others Sets ambitious performance targets and priorities for self and others Gives regular, constructive feedback on team/individual performance Motivates others to achieve and improve performance Recognises and celebrates success Challenges poor performance appropriately Seeks learning opportunities from results A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Regard the status quo as acceptable Maximising Potential Develops and encourages personal development to improve performance and contribute to continual improvement. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Encourages and develops personal accountability in others Encourages others to think for themselves Promotes risk-taking and supports appropriately Develops the skills, experience, and ambition of others at all levels to enhance flexibility of services Promotes development in self and others Supports and trains others in own areas of expertise A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Make negative assumptions about others’ ability to contribute Communicating Communicates openly and effectively, ensuring that messages are clear and concise. Adapts content and style to help others understand. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Promotes a culture of open communication Communicates effectively, using a variety of styles, with a broad range of people Creates and develops networking opportunities to influence Actively listens and respects others’ points of view Checks own and others’ understanding A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Fail to consider the most effective way of communicating Making Informed Decisions Ensures decisions are based on sound evidence and linked to improving services. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Considers implications of proposed decisions Ensures decisions link to continually improving performance Understands problem solving is part of the improvement process Has the confidence to make ambitious, difficult, or unpopular decisions Is able to justify and explain decisions A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Accept decisions without reviewing or challenging Working Together Understands and contributes to effective working across all sectors, and identifies potential areas of improvement, ensuring partnerships are focused on outcomes. Works effectively with colleagues in all departments. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Understands partnerships in the context of the â€Å"big picture† Promotes and contributes to multi-agency partnerships to continually improve services for the citizen Networks effectively internally and externally Identifies the expertise of others Proactively shares knowledge and information Seeks out the most appropriate people to contribute to partnership working, both inside and outside the service A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Pay lip service to partnerships or work in isolation Promoting a Citizen Centred Culture Drives and promotes an outward-facing culture and service that is genuinely citizen focused. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Recognises the importance of contributions from the community to setting and achieving continually improving services Promotes and develops a continually improving citizen-focused culture within the service Contributes to initiatives enabling regular consultation and feedback from citizens on the quality and appropriateness of service delivery. Engages with the community appropriately and respectfully Is an ambassador for the organisation and the community it serves A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Deliver services that meet organisational needs rather than the needs of citizens Working With Councillors Understands the political context and is aware of own role and responsibilities when communicating with Councillors or referring to others. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Establishes and continually improves positive and appropriate interaction with all Councillors Provides timely, constructive, high quality professional advice to assist the political decision making process Abides positively with the protocols relevant to the political relationship Is confident to refer enquiries to others when appropriate A Blaenau Gwent Manager does not Allow self or colleagues to be intimidated or fail to adhere to appropriate protocols when self or colleagues interact with Councillors, including inappropriately influencing, or being influenced, to the detriment of the organisation Pushing the Boundaries Is creative and innovative in seeking to continually improve the service. Manages change effectively and is willing to take calculated risks. Challenges where appropriate. A Blaenau Gwent Manager Regularly and constructively challenges the status quo Proactively thinks how potential change will affect the citizen Taps into the innovative and creative potential of others Considers different methods/approaches Encourages others to suggest new ideas Supports and develops others’ ideas Looks creatively inside and outside the organisation for new ideas and actively shares good practice A Blaenau Gwent Manager is not Satisfied with maintaining the existing arrangements and performance of the service

Week-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week-2 - Essay Example The limitation of this channel is that feedback of the passed information is poor. Video conferencing is another channel in which physical media uses to relay out information. Rao et al (27) denotes that video conferencing involves the use of a video to provide information to a large group of people. This method is effective the same information is stored, and disseminated in its original form (Rao et al, 31). It is also possible to pass the same kind of information over a long period of time. It is disadvantageous because it does not provide an opportunity for dialogue. Because of this, the people targeted cannot give their feedback concerning the particular message. Mechanical media refers to written or an electronic methodology of passing out information. This involves emails, personal letters and the social media. This channel is used in providing a more detailed piece of information, and is targeted to a particular audience (Rai et al, 21). In this channel of communication, an individual interprets the message relayed on him or herself, and makes meaning out of them basing on his or her mental condition. By use of email, a communicator targets a specific group of individuals, and it is fast. A communicator can also provide a detailed description of a task through the attachments options provided in an email. This channel is disadvantageous because it requires expertise in internet use. Some people lack skills in computer applications, and internet use, and this limits their knowledge and use of emails in communication (Rai et al, 41). Use of personal letters is also an important methodology of communication. This is because a communicator can send specific information about certain issues. The recipient has an ability to send feedback to the communicator, making the process of communication complete. The social media is another important methodology of communication under the mechanical

A SWOT Analysis of the Blackberry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A SWOT Analysis of the Blackberry - Essay Example SWOT Analysis Before 2002 the Blackberry was an ordinary two-way pager along with a thumb keyboard. Soon, it introduced the 5000 and 6000 series Blackberry and raised its market attraction with Java and e-mail features. The next launch of 7000 series included additional features such as full color screen and better web browsing. After the launch of 7100 series, the company focused the attention to capture the market of ordinary consumer rather than its past niche area of business professionals. In its desire to create a niche area of general consumers, the re-strengthening process began with the 8000 series, offering Wi-Fi capabilities, built in cameras, and memory enhancing alternatives. The latest 9000 series has heightened the Blackberry’s strengths with the inclusion of full HTML support for web pages, the capacity to receive RSS feeds, and other superior online social networking features (Vercillo, 2010). With this graph of innovative history, a SWOT analysis of the Black berry will show the mirror of what is in store for Blackberry. Strengths Till now the innovative past track of the Blackberry has enabled the RIM to capture a good chunk of the American market, with 37 percent of the US market for smart-phones relatively to its next nearest rival Windows Mobile at 26 percent (Hansberry, 2009). Smart Phone Market Shares for year of 2009 and last quarter 2009 SMARTPHONES Table 1 1 - Nokia . . . .   68 Million  Ã‚  Ã‚   39% 2 - RIM  . . . . .   35 Million  Ã‚  Ã‚   20% 3 - Apple . . . .   25 Milllion  Ã‚  Ã‚   15% 4 - HTC   . . . . .   8 Million   Ã‚   5% 5 - Others . . .   35 Million  Ã‚  Ã‚   21% Total   . . . . . . 175 Million The above table indicates the overall market share of RIM’s smart-phones at 20 percent of the total sale of 175 million; it was next only to Nokia . A big part of this market power is from the business category of IT professionals, increasing its sales with BlackBerry Enterprise Server, as IT p rofessionals can manipulate its features like disabling multimedia add-ons such as the camera and music player to limiting the specific websites’ user experience. No rival so far has succeeded in providing this functionality from the IT aspect (Morisy, 2008). Weaknesses The weaknesses of the BlackBerry erupt from its stronghold on IT capabilities; the IT section of the Company is not as keen about add-on IT features as media, web browsing and others, which are nicely managed by Windows Mobile and others. It has been late in introducing the touch-screen capability (Vercillo, 2010). Not offering High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) on all models, RIM has become a soft target from the rival companies offering this capability at competitive cost on various models. This drawback of the company policy could prove costly in the long run (Chan, 2009). The Blackberry’s network architecture since the global outage of April 2007, although it happened on a small scale can bec ome a serious problem in future (Blackberry Blast, 2007). Opportunities The Blackberry Partners Fund can be a great opportunity for RIM, as it is being leveraged to develop downloadable applications for the BlackBerry from other companies (Gardner, 2008). This market has been captured by Apples iPhone, and the BlackBerry has not shown eagerness for this model of developing applications. Therefore,

Entry form into United World College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entry form into United World College - Essay Example In my quest to discover how societies evolved and mankind developed, I would like to visit Peru’s Canal, one of the seats of modern civilization. I am adventurous by nature and history being my strongest interest, I would love to skydive someday or go on a wild trek through the forests of the Amazon. As a child I often used to reflect on the war horror stories and it always made me sad. I could feel the agony of the children who tested HIV positive, I could sense the insecurity that the mentally challenged face day after day. It was disturbing to see small street children having to work for their daily bread when they should be going to school. I used to wonder if there was anyway that the world could share a common goal – to erase poverty and sufferings, if there was anyway that I could contribute my time and talent towards achieving this goal. I wanted to do something different that would make me stand out from the rest, but I did not exactly know how to go about it, what avenues to explore to fulfill my dreams. I had read a lot and knew the power that words and love has. I had heard of Vasudeva Kutumbakam, an Indian phrase which literally means the world is one family. This phrase made a deep impression on my mind so much so that I started praying to God to really make the world one big family, to awaken the consciousness of those constantly at war. I started praying for world peace. My longing for world peace has ignited a burning desire into me to participate in an anti-war march someday, my own little way to make a difference. In my pursuit for a college for higher studies, I came across United World College and was immediately attracted for two reasons – one – students from more than 80 different nations study at the college at any given time. Secondly, community service plays a central role in all the colleges. I instantly made up my mind that this was the place for me. I was particularly drawn to Mahindra United World College of India as

Accessible, Usable and Portable Web Design Essay

Accessible, Usable and Portable Web Design - Essay Example This makes the website extra working for all viewers for the reason that a number of users cannot see the graphical descriptions in their website browser (Gibson, 2008). The design of websites creates a profusion of usability confronts. Web sites are frequently extremely multifaceted, holding hyperlinked credentials, complex direction-finding format, and community information areas. In accumulation, web browsers take action as a structure for a massive quantity of uses varying from E-banking to online-mail to common groupware as well as offering a plan for interactive electronic credentials of a variety of kinds (e.g., assist schemes, information periodicals, and albums). Various design disputes consequently come about in annoying to design websites that will get in concert the requirements of an enormous viewers by means of conflicting reasons and aptitudes, particular untrustworthy web-browsers, monitor resolutions, pattern locations, and link pace. 1 A number of web strategies have been popularized in an effort to codify main beliefs that continuously hold up functional web practices; however a lot of strategies are supported on most excellent carry out or on laboratory learns by means of fixed background and reproduction locations. Though similar strategies have been practical in the starting phases of the web, we challenge that as the significance of web supported information augments, there will be grow in web plan strategy to be mainly resulting from exact experimental research that reviews users in their usual situations (Nielsen, 2000). â€Å"Usability is a quality feature used for user interfaces which describes how easy user interface is to use† (Nielsen, 2000). In the same way for the usability of a website we have need of techniques, and measures that necessitate vigilant deliberation when budding and designing websites. The majority significant techniques or ways are

Scripture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Scripture - Assignment Example The section ends with a detailed development of three topics from the Dei Verbum. How did the Church settle on the 27 books of the New Testament? The early Church was prompted to come up with the 27 books of the New Testament by a number of factors. These factors were of, religious, socio-political, or cultural nature. A combination of these factors compelled the early Church leaders, as it were, to come up with the list of authentic and authoritative books in the New Testament. These factors are: Gnosticism: This was a sect of heretical believers who posed a great challenge to the early Christians on the teachings of the church. The central view of the Gnostic scholars was that, the elect souls are divine sparks temporarily imprisoned in the physical bodies as a result of precosmic catastrophe, and as such, these souls have a natural knowledge (gnosis) of their origin and destiny, and this natural knowledge will lead them to salvation. As it can be deduced from this position, for th e Gnostics, there was absolutely no need of an authoritative body of knowledge or traditions that would serve as a condition for salvation. Some of the Gnostic scholars were, Basilides, Carpocrates, and Valentinus and Marcion. The early Christians, therefore, had to come up with an authoritative body of knowledge that contained the teachings of their founder, JesusChrist, and the apostles, that would serve as a guide for their followers and that would enlighten the Christians against the heresies and the fallacies of the Gnostics. Montanism was another heretical religious sect that prompted the formation of the New Testament in the early centuries of Christianity. This Christian movement was a charismatic movement that claimed to be a religion of the Holy Spirit, and it was marked by ecstatic outbursts. This sect claimed that this kind of ecstatic outbursts was the only true form of Christianity. To counter this heretical movement and its teachings, the early church came had to come up with correct teachings of the Church which would act as a guide for its adherents. This led to the formation of the 27 books in the New Testament. Apart from the heretical teachings that precipitated the need for the formulation of the authoritative teachings of the Church, another phenomenon in form of persecution of Christians, further, necessitated the need for the articulation of the authoritative teachings of the Church based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostles. When the imperial police started persecuting the Christians and demanding from the the teachings of Christianity, it became necessary for the Christians of the early Church to determine the correct teachings of Christianity, from a myriad of other teachings that claimed to be the true teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostles. This circumstance, therefore, led to the formation of the 27 books of the New Testament that constitute the authoritative teachings of the Church. Settling on the 27 books in th e New Testament Having been influenced by the above factors, the early Church set out to assemble the Christian books that contained the authentic teachings of Christianity. And to distinguish between the authentic and the inauthentic Christian books, the Church employed four guidelines (How the New Testament Canon was Formed, online). These guidelines

Professional Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Professional Skills - Assignment Example The paper under consideration will focus on the professional skills for the career development of a new graduate job applicant. The author will touch upon employment criteria expected in first job, small medium enterprises (SME) and its employment potential. Also the writer will discuss the ethical duties and responsibilities of a computer professional, investigate the hard and soft skills best to offer to the employer. Team skill was given a special attention in this paper, and the writer presents his personal experience and ability in team skill. The reference list includes both online and written sources. Introduction. Working in different job environment and acquiring new information and knowledge about particular profession enhance the professional skill of an individual. In order to acquire perfect professional skill an extensive knowledge in current technology is also essential. Since the world is progressing at a staggering rate, the demands of employers and customers are getting high. The public is highly knowledgeable and sophisticated and hence demands high care and service from the professionals. Even organizations which are modern require professionals who are qualified and exceptionally skilled. They want their employees to be extremely good at communication and interpersonal skills and offer quality service to the organization. If the professionals are less competent they can lag behind in their profession .It is also essential for the professional t o learn continually when they are at work. Professional skills can vary in every individual as it is depended upon the personality and training received by a person. People who understand and assess their own skill have a better opportunity to grow in a professional environment Employment Criteria Expected in First Job As a graduate in Business computing, certain employment criteria’s are looked in for when joining a new Job. Since I have just finished the education, the anticipation is to join a company which can give me maximum professional knowledge relating to my fieild.The employment offer should be from a multinational company as it can increase my exposure to outside world and also deliver maximum opportunity to understand more intense technical skills. The company should be efficient in providing training to enhance my professional skills so that I can deliver maximum service to the company. I want to join a company who values my ability and have trust and faith in me. As per Wise Geek(2011)â€Å" To employees, faith and trust in an employer are extremely important. These two components will go a long way in earning an employee's respect, but there are a number of other factors to consider†. I must feel that the employer understand my professional skills and knowledge and put enough trust in me to do justice to my position in the new job. The employment also should offer a reasonable remuneration to me which I consider is compatible with my qualification and technical knowledge. The environment of the work place should also be safe, comfortable and friendly so that less discomfort is experienced while working. The work timings should not be too constraint as it can develop stress and pressure in personal life. Being a new professional, the credibility of the

Marrige how should it be defined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marrige how should it be defined - Essay Example Per se, wedding engages three main functions in American, primarily Christian culture. Firstly, it identifies the unification of men and a woman, both in the eyes of the cathedral and of culture. Culture en bloc distinguishes the pair as unified and thus, various societal rules and beliefs are applied. Secondly, marriage identifies the pair under the rule as a tied unit. Partners are included in tax returns, possession of property is defined in prenuptial contracts, and the responsibility rights over kids are classified, with a whole host of additional lawful contracts. And thirdly, marriage identifies the rights of cohorts over each other. This generally consists of sexual and emotional exceptionality with the shape of a metaphorical relationship between the pair. Therefore, marriage is mainly about acknowledgment; societal, religious, lawful and private relationships are fashioned that are intended to justify the associates both as a pair and culture. Whereas the philosophies of "tying" do serve up constructive points, the form acquired by the current marriage system in America is, in lots of cases, mainly disparaging and off-putting. This isn't equivalent to that the idea of wedding is not correct, just that the ways by which it is defined is turning out to be more and more disparaging in America. Persons on both sides of the wedding controversy mostly have the same opinion that a culture will (and should) have organizations to carry out such kind of tasks (Lyla H. O'Driscoll). One major difficulty with matrimony in America is the stress on a partner's responsibility. At the same time as obligation between two cohorts is of immense value, in lots of ways wedding doesn't direct but rather pins down two associates. Firstly, and most understandable, is the limitation upon sexual and emotional relationship. Even as this perception shows prima facie optimistic, a closer inspection discloses that the restrictions placed on the pair may or may not be just that. How does the limitation of one associate do well to a pair In lots of cases, it comes out that the other half suits most requirements. But, wouldn't the accomplishment of the entire needs be even more pleasing The completion of a partner's requirements would come out to be the most important objective of any strong bond. But can any partner offer for every requirement of the other The answer is, certainly, not essentially. Marriage that is meaningful for companionship can be hetero-sexual, homo-sexual and p olygonal. Thus, this description of the characters and promising significance of wedding for wives is in agreement with the conceivability of various types of wedding (O'Driscoll, p. 136). In such cases where one associate just can't take care of the entire requirements of another one, what's the problem in having another associate On the basis of various grounds there is nothing 'wide of the mark' with this opinion but the ethical ruling of mostly Christian's morality in America squabbles this preference. I would, as a result, propose that 'common sense' and reasonableness somewhat than theological "way of thinking" be applied to the dilemma on the way. A method of "permissive matrimony" whereby "persons can decide, within extensive restrictions, the categories of human relations they desire to practice. All persons would be allowed to decide without any restraint" (Lawrence Casler). The

Strict Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strict Liability - Essay Example However both at common law and through Statute there are crimes of strict liability and vicarious liability. Crimes of strict liability are those where intention (be it mens rea and/or negligence) need not be proved in respect of one or more of the elements of the actus reus of an offence. The prosecution only has to prove that the accused committed the actus reus. Crimes of vicarious liability are those whereby the accused neither did the act nor had the intention but is held liable due to his relationship with the actual perpetrator. The development of strict and vicarious liability offences seems to be historical; a reaction to the plethora of regulatory sanctions and poorly drafted legislation which did not mention malice, intent, knowledge or will. It might appear that 'state of affairs' offences, such as crimes of strict liability are exceptions in English law. These are offences where either the legal or the evidential burden of proof falls on the defence. However, Ashworth and Blake claimed in their research that up to 40% of trials in the Crown Court required the defendant to prove either a statutory defence or disprove at least one element of the offence and that over 123 serious criminal offences had an element of strict liability. Most of these offences are regulatory, pertaining to food, drugs, health, alcohol, factories, pollution and other public health matters, and are mala prohibita rather than mal in se. They argued that this has made significant inroads on the presumption of innocence. The prosecution does not always have to establish that the actus reus was voluntary. So for example in Callow v Tillstone [1900] a butcher was held liable for exposing unsound meat for sale even though the carcass had been certified as fit for human consumption by a vet. A crime may have a mixture of strict liability and mens rea/negligence as to the elements of the actus reus. Hence in R v Prince [1875] the accused was convicted of taking an unmarried girl under the age of 16 out of her father's possession as knowledge that the girl was under 16 was not required for conviction. It was sufficient that he knew she was in her father's possession. At common law there is a presumption that mens rea is required to establish guilt. One remaining controversial area is that of the common law offence of Blasphemy where there is still some confusion. Lord Denning had said during a speech in 1949 that the blasphemy laws belonged in the past: [...] it was thought that a denial of Christianity was liable to shake the fabric of society, which was itself founded upon Christian religion. There is no such danger to society now and the offence of blasphemy is a dead letter. In 1979 morality crusader Mary Whitehouse successfully sued Gay News and its editor for publishing a poem which described a purported affair between a male soldier and Jesus Christ and necrophilic acts with his corpse: Whitehouse v Gay News Ltd [1979]. In 1990 it was held that blasphemy laws only applied to

Woman vs Society Essay Example for Free

Woman vs Society Essay The idea of the individual is ingrained in modern society, where oppression, at any angle, seems foreign and is looked down upon. In contrast, the female characters in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, Toni Morrison’s Sula, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, are portrayed fighting against the â€Å"man’s world†, an atmosphere present in our country not too long ago. Edna, Jane, and Sula all reject the parameters put upon them by society and attempt to remain separate from it ,yet vary in degree of success due to their preparedness. The needs of individuals take precedence over society’s expectations when they are oppressed; but,if not prepared for the consequences of being outcasted by society, they will inevitably fail. Edna is the least successful among the three women, simply because she was not prepared for her choice of lifestyle. Enda was raised in Kentucky as a Presbyterian, and moved down to the Grand Isle later on. â€Å"Though she had married a Creole,[she] was not thoroughly at home with the Creoles†(Chopin, 12) As such, she is innately opposed to their alien lifestyle. Edna is not confined, but she longs to be separate, distinguished from them: an individual. She recognizes the importance of her identity in saying, â€Å" I would give up the unessential I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn’t give myself† (Chopin, 64). Though her aims were clear, Edna remains chained to society, just by having a husband and children. Edna still attempts to have an affair with Robert, effectively breaking the trust and expectations of everyone around her, yet she cannot fulfill her goal, as even Robert pushes her away for that very reason. It is impossible for her to be independent because of her upbringing. Edna longs to emulate Mademoiselle Reisz, who has reached the pinnacle of independance and freely expresses herself through the piano. The factor which differentiates Reisz from Edna is that she has left society behind, along with the option of family, whereas Edna is held back by that very thing. She sees her own children as â€Å" antagonists who had overpowered and sought to drag her into the soul’s slavery for the rest of her days. But she knew of a way to elude them. †(Chopin, 151). This took the form of Edna’s suicide, resulting in not her escape from oppression, but rather signifying her defeat, acknowledging her inability to overcome society’s grasp on her. Edna was prevented from actively rebelling against society, because her pre-existing commitments prevented her from doing so. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Jane Doe, though confined by her husband, is able to fight for herself to assume some degree of independence. As treatment for her depression, she is put to bedrest by her physician-husband, and comes to terms with the limitation set around her. This limitation is the assumed position of authority that a man is expected to have over a woman, especially his spouse. She says, â€Å"I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus—but John says the very worst thing I can do is think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. So I will let it alone and talk about the house. † (Gilman, 1) Jane has already internalized her husband’s authority into her own mind, even interrupting her train of thought to his instruction. She seems to walk in line with what he is telling her to do at the end, but her own rebellious nature seeps out, marking a descent into madness. These repressed feelings are projected onto her obsession with the wallpaper, where a portrait of Jane’s mind is shown. It is ultimately John’s disregarding of his wife, the hierarchy of the household, that is responsible for Jane’s mental breakdown. He vetoes her smallest wishes, such as when he refuses to switch bedrooms so as not to overindulge her â€Å"fancies. † The barrier of understanding leaves Jane no outlet for her to freely express herself. Thus, she writes. But she does this in secret, saying, â€Å"There comes John, I must put this away- he hates to have me write a word. † (Gilman, 2) Jane is actively disobeying her â€Å"authority†, but in hiding it from him she is still limited by John’s expectations of her, which is her weakness. Without him, she would be free as an individual, but John is her pre-existing conditions that holds her back. Jane likens the rest of the women in the world to her own struggle with John. â€Å"There are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast. I wonder if they all come out of that wall-paper as I did? (Gilman, 5) Jane clearly resisted in her situation, and she is specific about the women who she thinks have had to break out of the same resistant cage that she had to. They seem so independent, so much freer than her, and after finally escaping that cage, she feels she can relate her situation to theirs. However, Jane’s struggle has driven her ne arly to insanity, and is now unable to be the individual that she strove to be in the beginning. In recognizing the barrier to her individuality, Jane is able to actively rebel against the constructs set by society against women, but at the same time she submits because of her commitment to John. Putting herself in that position causes her to lose herself as a whole, making all of her struggle in vain. Sula differs from both Edna and Jane in that she defies her place in society at a young age and becomes a model individual. When she was a child, Sula lived in a chaotic household, preferring the quiet one of Nel. Sula is not often characterized as the calm individual, but she is described as being able to â€Å"sit on [Helenes] red-velvet sofa for ten to twenty minutes at a time – still as dawn (Morrison, 29). It is very easy to forget this Sula as the narrative progresses, but this passage shows Sula’s search for identity. She is shaping her self into who she wants to be, marking a contradiction of craving the order that she does not have in her home. This state does not last indefinitely; there is a corner point where she changes into her defiant self. As she recalls from her deathbed, â€Å"The one time she tried to protect Nel, she had cut off her own fingertip and earned not Nels gratitude but her disgust. From then on she had let her emotions dictate her behavior. † (Morrison, 140). To her, this was logical and rational, but receives the complete opposite reaction from what she had hoped for. This is a defining point in her life, which is responsible for the disruption she causes in all of the people who interact with her. Sula returns to the Bottom as an adult, characterized not so much as a person, than as a force of nature. She has accepted the consequence of alienation and rejection The repressive nature of society still confronts her. Eva berates Sula for not marrying or having children, but in response, she states, I dont want to make somebody else. I want to make myself†(Morrison, 92). As a women, she is expected of these things, but it is clear that Sula desires to control her identity. She recognizes that any person or thing that compromises her self-determination will limit her from being an individual, by being bound to society’s standards. Yet even Sula falls prey to to this trap, in her relationship with Ajax. â€Å"There was the morning when she actually wondered if Ajax would come by that day. † (Morrison, 131) Through their encounters, Sula was always cautious to keep him under her control, but that morning reveals an emotional attachment to him, however small. This minor detail turns out to be the beginning of her slow death as an individual- this is to be expected-after a life of such detachment from repressive society, the smallest disturbance would amplify itself to ruin her. Only those who are completely isolated from society are able to withstand its parasitic effect on the individual, but Sula, though prepared for the isolation, is caught off guard, and suffers for it. Women in the times of these books are set under strict guidelines by society, and they all recognize it, and attempt to free themselves by seeking their individual self. Edna, Jane, And Sula vary in degree of success, a product of their upbringing, and their ability or inability to accept the consequences of being an individual. Through these oppressed female characters, we see the various outcome of the sacrifice required for independance, but their ties to society bring them down. Is it ever possible to be a distinct individual in any society? Even Sula, who goes to such extremes, fails. How much more do modern people need to strive for this characteristic? Today’s western thinking has encouraged the idea, but perhaps â€Å"their individual† is not truly as free as it claims to be.

Impact Of Culture And Employee Voice In Organizations Management Essay

Impact Of Culture And Employee Voice In Organizations Management Essay Culture is the shared assumptions, values, and beliefs of a group of people which result in characteristic behaviors (Hobfoll, 2001). People communicate with each other from different cultural background. Culture as a factor influences the following facets of organizational life. Employee voice, through direct or indirect methods, plays an important role in organizational communication. It is evident that computer-mediated communication has become very common in work life, just like through the media of e-mail, mobile phone and even MSN, which facilitates our communication and makes lives at work easier. Nevertheless; some people choose the face to face communication pattern. In their belief, it helps have a relationship with other people directly; however, people can communicate indirect voice including the media of the work council and some union. Also through collective bargaining, people contact each other and change ideas and thoughts with each other freely. And the same conditi on of supervisory boards. In this essay the author will critically evaluate the relationship and impact between culture and employee voice in the context of modern corporations. In the conduct of this discourse, definitions and discussion of culture will be presented followed with explanation and discussion on culture and employee voice in organizations. Some examples will be used to illustrate the basic premise that this culture-voice coupling can be an area of tension for the employee relations practices of multinational corporations. 2.0 Discussion on Culture and Employee Voice in Organization Management. 2.1 Culture and Employee Voice Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization, which comprised of the assumption, values, norms and tangible signs of organization members and their behaviors (Hobfoll, 2001). When the members of an organization work together, they soon come to sense the particular culture of an organization. For example, the culture of a large, for-profit corporation is quite different than that of another corporation. Culture plays a vital role in modern society, especially in international businesses among companies. Different culture represents different thoughts, values and way of thinking owing to the different social background (Hobfoll, 2001).. In modern organizations, people work together in the same company may come from different places even different countries. Therefore, the communication between them is of great importance to the development of company. And the concept of culture is particularly important when attempting to manage organizations. Employee voice refers to the participation of employees in influencing corporate decision making. Employees are given a voice through informal and formal means to minimize conflict, improve communication and encourage staff relation through motivation and fair treatment. Employee participation is a form of empowerment and motivation that leads to increased productivity and retention. The term employee voice provides a useful way to examine both its purpose and practice, which is allowed to transfer union and non-union, individual and collective. The purpose of the voice as the articulation of individual dissatisfaction overlapped with notions of employee contribution through communication channels. Second the articulation of voice as collective organization was rather less central than other individualistic definitions of voice (Jeffrey and Linn,  2001). In contemporary organizations, competitive advantage can come from ideas employees communicate to supervisors for improving processes, products, and services. One approach to studying employee communications with supervisors is voice behavior. Different culture has different behavior norm and moral constraints for its employees in a company. Culture will exert great influence on the way employees communicate with each other. Meanwhile; employee voice is a way to represent the organization communication. And the voice of employees conveys their certain culture. Take the Japan Company and American company as examples. In Japan Company, employees are required to hold the creed of discipline and they have high performance work system. Japanese employees should be in charge of their own business individually rather than cooperate with others (Bae, et al., 2001). While in American company the culture is quite different. The employees usually behave directly to others and most of times they will share with the work. What the difference of them show in the aspect of their human management. In some famous Japan companies like SONY, whose employees will be divided into different groups and keep the groups as separate as possible according to their different cultures so as to avoid the cultural clashes with each other. But the feedback of this system is that it is difficult to hear different voices from employees, which will of course constraint the quicker and healthier development of the organization. The condition is opposite of the American company. It can be seen that employee voice in organizations can be greatly influenced by organizational culture. Thus, managers should consider cultural factors when managing employee voice. In all, culture plays an important role in both international business and international human resource management, which has great impact on employee voice, an effective way of organizational communication in organizational management. In modern business world, the fierce competition between companies mainly depends on their cultural advantage through the effective management. Culture difference between employees in companies may lead to the dominant troubles in communication (Hobfoll, 2001). The securing of credibility, the nurturing of goodwill, the motivation of a workforce and the development of a marketable product, all translate into the bottom-line of the success or failure of a business activity. In this regard, the securing of these prizes, in the international context, has prompted multinational corporations to seek to establish a corporate culture across borders, and conduct appropriate measures with employee voice. 2.2 Direct Employee Voice and Indirect Employee Voice Employee voice is attained through both direct voice and indirect voice. Direct employee voice includes general conversation between employees and employers, email communication, employee surveys and notice board at the workplace. While indirect voice includes work council, union, collective bargaining and supervisory board. (Jeffrey  A  L,  Linn  V  D,  2001) The direct voice is most certainly one of the most impressive forms of mediumship whereby the people present are able to very clearly hear Spirits speak aloud in their normal voices, exactly the same voices as they were known by in physical life, and to engage in long conversations with them. The indirect voice represent that enjoy a high-quality, cost-effective, public-switched voice solution for calls to local, national and international, phone destinations. (Burke, R. J. 2001). Organizational values, work experience and satisfactions among managerial and professional women. Direct and Indirect Voice services are specifically designed for business customers concerned about the quality and cost of their voice communications. Indirect access is the simplest way to enjoy all the benefits of becoming a customer of one of our partner supplies. (Buelens, M. and H. Van den Broeck 2007) Our partners indirect voice services allow you to take advantage of their own highly working networks. T his, combined with a detailed approach to building dependable interconnections with other operators across the UK ensures a reliable telephony service for all your communications needs. While direct voice can provide employees an opportunity to exchange ideas and thoughts directly, even face to face. This kind of voice is easily to be heard and accepted by the company. Through the direct employee voice, people can exchange ideas and thoughts with others directly. And this kind of communication can reflect some problems existing in employees. While through the indirect employee voice, it is probably not easy to achieve the result of communication between employees, maybe it will cause some misunderstandings. The experience of the McDonalds EWC suggests that where workforce has low levels of unionization and employees are opposed in principle to the prescribed arrangement, a non-union firm can frustrate even the limited aims of the Directive. Furthermore, legally underpinned national-level substructures, which are often assumed to make such European-level bodies accountable, may fail to do so in practice. Multinational corporations have been defined as enterprises which own or control production or service facilities in more than one country. (Enderwick, P. 1986) It is the dimension of ownership and control of value-adding activity that sets the MNC apart from the organization which simply trades internationally. Moreover this feature of ownership or control brings with it the challenge of managing human resources in different national contexts. It is within this field of organizational life that this essay will be concerned. This can be contested territory for multinational corporations. There will be a practice and experience in the organizations country of origin but the form and content of this may not fit comfortably or favorably in other countries where there is a different cultural disposition to voice. Conclusion Culture as a factor influences the different facets of organizational life in regard of members behavior, belief and human management of an organization. In some certain, employee voice reflects by culture plays an important role in the organization management. The role of employee voice as the articulation of individual dissatisfaction overlapped with notions of employee contribution through communication channels. In the conduct of this discourse, definitions and discussion of culture have been presented followed with explanation and discussion of employee voice. Therefore; the conclusion about this culture-voice coupling is that organizational life should pay primary attention to the culture difference between its members. Only in this way the further development of an organization might be possible.

Critical Appraisal Role Of Physiotherapy Health And Social Care Essay

Critical Appraisal Role Of Physiotherapy Health And Social Care Essay The aim of this assignment is to critically appraise the scientific research paper The role of physiotherapy in the treatement of subacromial impingement syndrome by Dickens, Williams Bhamra (2005) while detailing the objectives of the paper, research methods used and the outcomes of the research findings. What is the scientific paper is about? The aims of the research paper according to Dickens Williams Bhamara (2005:1) was to investiagte the effectiveness of a physiotherapy programme in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. This paper did not outline specific modalities and was reliant on convincing the reader that physiotherapy should be viewed as a first line management for subacromial impingement syndrome against the present orthepedic view which would swing towards operative intervention as the corrective action. The paper was published by Elsevier for the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy by a combined group of physiotherapists and Orthepedic surgeons and was funded by the Physiotherapy Research Foundation. When combined these groups may lead the paper to be viewed as self servicing and lead the reader to pinpoint a lack of impartiality. Patients for the research where taken from a waiting list for surgery for subacromial impingement syndrome. Each of these patients was independently reviewed by surgeon James L Williams, a coauthor of the paper, and had underwent three steroid injections into the subacromial space, given at 6-weekly intervals as part of an exisiting protocol (Dickens et al, 2005:160). The study was conducted in a randomised fashion in that the eighty five clients were selected by giving a client on a surgical waiting list an envelope that had within it either control or physiotherapy, 45 joined the physiotherapy group while 40 joined the control group. There were 100 envelopes split 50:50 between the groups which leads the reader to believe this may have been quasi-randomised. In order to assess physiotherapy without bias clients who had previous physiotherpay treatement were excluded from the study according to Dickens et al. Also clients with signs of cervical radiculopathy, adhesive capsulitis or clinically obvious rotator cuff tears or a grade III subacromial spur on their shoulder suprasinatus outlet radiograph (Dickens et al, 2005:160). The randomised fashion was administered by human administrators and not via a computerised system. A control group was used and this group had no alternative but to continue on towards surgical intervention, this created a bias for this group since the probability for having surgical intervention was P-1. Intitially the group of patients numbered eighty five patients from an initial set of 100 envelopes. 9 of the initial 40 patients in the control group refused to attend the repeat assessmemt at the end of the program, 3 of the physiotherapy group dropped out for social reasons leaving 42 partcipating in there group. Due to the substantial number of dropouts weight must be given to the emergence of unfairness to any comparsion portrayed in the paper. Follow up occurred after a 6 month period and performed by James L Williams, a coauthor of the paper, and may not have been blind since he could have easily discussed whether they felt they still needed surgery (Dickens et al, 2005:161). How the study was designed? The aims of the research paper according to Dickens Williams Bhamara (2005:1) was to investigate the effectiveness of a physiotherapy programme in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. According to the Webster dictionary the word effectiveness means to produce a desired effect, the desired effect is not established in the aim. This ambiguity around the aim of the paper leaves any conclusion open to interpretation by the reader. When the paper is read in its entirety you could potentially interpret the aim as conveying the message that physiotherapy should be first line management for subacromial impingement therefore moving interventive surgery to second line. There is no published pilot data therefore we cannot correctly establish if the sample size for the scientific paper is justified. We do know that the randomisation process catered for 100 patients, 100 envelopes, of which only 85 were taken up, 72 patients successfully making it to the reassessement stage. The age ranges within the groups have relevance to the outcome of the scientific research. We only have a mean age of each group without an reference to outliers who could affect the statistical data. It is clear that the more junior males respond better under all conditions. This contradicts the statement the two groups were well matched for age, sex and initial constant score (Dickens et al, 2005:161). The probability values (p-values) have been averaged (p This lack of depth in the data provided does not allow the reader to establish if a null hypothesis was proved and may lead them to believe this was pure coincidence. Scientific research should always start from the null hypothesis point of view to ensure impartiality. The selection process for patients, waiting list for surgery, post steroid injection, exclusion of specific pathologies, clinical history and examination meant the group may have been skewed to fulfill the authors aims. Steriod injections can provide an improvement in subacromial impingement due to its anti-inflammatory effect. The selection process did not seem to take into account the duration nor the severity of the impingement syndrome on the individual nor if they were receiving treatment from other practitioners not listed. There is no detailed information regarding the treatment programme dispensed to the physiotherapy patients. If a specific treatment programme had been documented and applied to all patients in this group more quantative data and allowed the research to be replicated and potentially validated by other authors. This would have also allowed the treatments to be cross referenced with socio demographic data from each patient and establish sub sets within the master data. We are unsure how the null findings are interpreted since the authors do not detail this. Nor have they given any data around the chi-squared test. Probability values are give in a round format (p The constant score has a low systematic error but is not reliable for clinical follow up in patients.The constant scores taken at the start of the research were based on 85 patients not on the same 72 patients whom allowed themselves to be reassessed at the end of the programme. This lead to a lack of confidence in the method used by the authors to compare pre and post programme data, they may not have itemised which data belonged to each patient and therefore could not remove this anomoly. The involvement of James L Williams in the reassessment process ensured a lack of blinding and a bias, though the authors clearly did not see this position the follow up assessments were performed by JLW in a blinded situation (Dickens et al, 2005:162). All assessments should have been performed by a validated third party reusing the initial assessment criteria. Since we have no detailed information about the modalities utilised, treatment cycles matched with socio demographic information there is no clinical relevance to the outcomes. To have clinical relevance the process needs to be reproducable which is highly unlikely based on the information presented in the scientific paper. How was the study conducted? A quasi-randomised human administer method of 100 envelopes split evenly between the control and physiotherapy groups were handed out to 85 patients. All 85patients were told that participation on the programme would not affect there standing on a waiting list for surgery. This promise may have affected participation since they would have already been convinced of the necessity for surgery by an orthepedic surgeon. The dropping out of patients in both groups weakened the statistical data which the paper relies upon and imbalanced any findings. Interpreting clinical programmes requires greater participants reducing any potential for the play of chance. How was the study analysed and were there limitation and errors in the study? Each treatment group should have been similar based on age, sex, duration of syndrome, decrease in range of movement and similar capacities to perform the home care plan. Based on the information conveyed in the paper we must assume none of these points were established and therefore does not allowed for each group to have a comparable baseline. The quasi-randomised allocation of each patient to a group ensured that the treatment groups were not comparable. Since all participants stayed within their allocated groups we can establish that the intention was for the results to be analysed by intention to treat. Unfortunately there were patient withdrawals from the programme which would allow to construe that the comparision of treatments would no longer be fair. Also the treatment received within the physiotherapy group as a whole may have differed from individual to individual but no patient moved between groups. Not enough importance was placed on statistical information like the control group having members who improved, yet were not involved in the physiotherapy programme. Also confounding may have occured due to the pre programme steroid injection. Steroid injections are interrelated to anti inflammatory improvements in a range of impingement syndromes. The report had no reference to any confidence intervals which would have ensured the removal of the chance effect and imporved the significance of any statistics. The lack of statistical data in table format and the reliance on prose within the paper show the paper to be more a marketing document than a reliable source of data. Quantative data tables would have allowed the reader to view and validate the authors outcomes. This lack of independence in data lead the reader to wonder does the data actually support the outcome. The approach of only conveying results taken by the authors, could create suspicion in the mind of the reader, undermines the credibility of the paper. Side effects are an important factor in all scientific research papers. What if the side effect of the treatment modalities outwayed the alternative approach taken by the control group. Effectiveness of treatment and a lesser set of side effects would need to be established against the control group to ensure there is no bias. Since there is no mention of side effects for either groups we can only assume that the authors wished to purposefully withhold this information. This factor only would ensure that it clinical relevant is negated. How would you interpret the study and what if any are the implications of the study for your practice? The main finding confirms that a physiotherapy programme is of benefit (Dickens et al, 2005:163) does not confirm the objective of the scientific paper. All the paper conveys is that there are successful alternatives to surgery for a subset of the population. There are too many pervasive factors to rely on the statistical significance of the data put forward by the authors. No true finding can be extracted from the paper and it portrays a message set by the authors who went out to prove it. Therefore I cannot see any attempt by the authors to perform a null hypothesis test which should have been their approach. The only assumption to an attempt at a null hypothesis is the assumption that at the outset of the programme no difference existed between all patients in each group. Other alternatives could account for the 11 physiotherapy group patients improving, steriod injection, age, change in lifestyle etc. This overlooking of the steroid injection pre programme participation has a major impact on the validity of the results. The severity and duration of the syndrome on the patient could potentially have an impact of any positive results. The research funder being a physiotherapy organisation has may have had an effect on the interpretation of data. The length of gap between the post surgery and final step in the physiotherapy programme and final assessment may have had an effect on the results. Rehabilitation programmes may not have been adhered to during this period. Why not take periodical assessements every fortnight over the final 6 month period? We also do not know how the drop outs from the programme affect the data use to support the outcome. We can only assume if this data was removed the outcome may have not supported the objective and therefore shown the physiotherapy is not or no more effective than surgery. Alarmingly this scientific research paper references 26 papers published prior to 2000, the oldest being from 1973, while only 5 papers are based between 200 and the time of release of the paper. This points to either a lack of interest in the particular field or a selective extraction of papers to support the authors objective. Normally supporting information referencing in other reports should be relatively up to date and from journals of quality. Ideally a research paper should look to changing your clinical practice. This paper does not provide me with any rational to change nor if it had a credible case would I understand what I should be changing. Since I cannot replicate the treatment modalities used within the study I cannot change practise nor would I recommend another practioner to perform the same.

Teaching Children :: Education, elementary education

In my opinion, I think children that age learn best with hands on activities. Being outside the classroom learning from natures elements and their own surroundings, instead of sitting inside all day and learning from books. While learning from text books is a must, teachers can always make it fun. By doing internet activities, with the growth of technology younger children are learning how to operate computers. Also, by doing board games meant for learning numbers and letters, puzzles in order for the children to learn shapes and sizes. There are so many things available today that teachers can use to teach younger children many different of learning and having fun with it. It is important for the children to understand and use what they learn in class on a daily bases. Not only in the classroom but at home also. This is where the parents come in at. The parent and teacher relationship should be on good terms when I child is this young. Keeping the parent updated on their kids behavior and academic status in the classroom should be a key point to the teacher. if the teacher and parents do not have this relationship then the child may not be able to learn to the best of their possibilities, like the other children in the class. On the other hand the teacher and pupil relationship should also be very important for the teacher. Understanding what a child needs in the classroom and how certain children learn and interact with each. There are many different kinds of children that learn different ways. Some need visual, audio, readers, or a combination of all of these. I feel a teacher needs to learn what kind of learner a student is, and learn how to met there needs to learn. If a teacher fails to do this then some of the children may be left in the dust to say, when learning a certain way. The most important thing a child could learn while in pre-kindergarten is their social skills. These skills are a major part that everyone needs to strive in this society. Social skills that are learned early in life have a big impact on them and can take them far in life. When this skill is learned in school the children are more at ease and considerate of others. This can be found in playing with each other children, sharing their toys,and being able to control their anger that other children might cause.

Key Elements of Style :: Compare Contrast Strunk White Grace Essays

Key Elements of Style William Strunk and E.B. White's handbook The Elements of Style, and Joseph Williams's book Style Toward Clarity and Grace, are both full of good tips on how to improve writing style. The Elements of Style has some good information on how to make writing more vigorous and forceful, but it also contains a lot of opinions on word choice that seem frivolous. Although the advice may not be helpful, Strunk and White's strongly worded opinions are part of what makes their book enjoyable to read. Of the two, Williams's book is better at describing how to actually form better sentences and paragraphs. Before reading these books, I was of the opinion that everyone had their own writing style. Strunk, White, and Williams make it apparent however, that there are rules every writer can incorporate into their style to help make their writing more clear and direct. Both books contain helpful guidelines for improving writing style, but as Strunk and White say, "the first piece of advice is this: to achieve style, begin by affecting none (70)." Two lines that sum up what Strunk and White want to get across to their readers are, "Brevity is a by product of vigor (19)," and "omit needless words (23)." These authors are all about writing short, concise sentences. When this is done, they believe the product will be clear, forceful writing. They have some good tips on how to achieve this goal. The first is to omit the phrase "the fact that." They feel it "is an especially debilitating expression. It should be revised out of every sentence in which it occurs (24)." They then proceed to demonstrate how "the fact that" can be revised into shorter, clearer phrases. The above quote demonstrates the tone for much of The Elements of Style. Strunk and White remind me of a stuffy high school English teacher I once had, who used to embarrass students by making similar comments. At first I resented this, but after realizing the authors were no chastising me in front of any class, I grew to find comments like this amusing. Another good tip that is included in both books is to "put statements in positive form. Make definite assertions (Strunk 19)." Said another way, write without using the word "not." Again, Strunk and White provide many good examples on how to look for, and achieve this goal.

Viet Nam :: essays research papers

The media has made sure that all of us are aware of the Vietnam conflict. Readers and movie goers the world over are now familiar with America's suffering in Vietnam and the problems American veterans have endured as they attempted to adjust to civilian life. Although all life is irreplaceable, the fact remains that the United States lost fewer than a million men in the Vietnam conflict and their social institutions and infrastructure remained relatively intact. The Vietnamese, however, lost two million men and their culture, society, landscape and tradition were literally obliterated. Despite this destruction, their side of this horrendous story has seldom been told. Worse yet, when it is told, they are often portrayed in the most unattractive of all light. Until only a few years ago, the Vietnamese were portrayed by the media as a faceless people with no identity; entities not worth caring about. The turning point came with the publication, in Dutch, of Duong Thu Huong's Blind Paradise in 1994. This landmark book was followed by Bao Ninh's The Sorrow of War. War novels deal, superficially, with war. But underneath all the blood and horror and carnage lie far deeper social and human issues. The best novels of war, such as Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front and Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, as well as Bao Ninh's The Sorrow of War, also deal with the makeup and morality of a culture or a society gone wrong. The protagonist of these books, whether real or fictional, often endures a harrowing personal struggle through both a public and private hell and usually undergoes some sort of redemption, even if that redemption results in death. Born in 1952, Bao Ninh served in the Glorious 27th Youth Brigade during the Vietnam conflict. Of the five hundred youths who went to war with this brigade in 1969, Bao Ninh was one of its ten survivors, so it is not unusual that war should be the subject of his first book, considering the impact it has had on his life. Semi-autobiographical in nature, the protagonist of The Sorrow of War, Kien, is the lone survivor of his brigade and a ten year veteran of the war. As the book opens he is serving as part of an MIA body collection team. It is through his memories that we slowly learn how the war has devastated his youth and the youth of his countrymen.

Cheating is wrong Essay

Cheating is wrong. There’s no way of justifying cheating whether it’s plagiarizing, being unfaithful to your partner, or just finding a loophole to win an event. You can get caught cheating and have serious consequences. Not only is it morally wrong, cheating is simply a poor excuse not to work hard at achieving your ultimate goals. First off, plagiarism is a highly common way of cheating. If you study at a college or university, expulsion can be a form of reprimanding in terms of this offense. This form of cheating is highly unethical, as it is the deliberate forging of some one else’s thoughts for your personal gain. It’s no different from stealing from a store, as a matter of fact, it is stealing. Someone else took the time to think their own thoughts and create new ideas, for you to just take those same thoughts and use them as your own. It’s disrespectful. Take the time to create your own ideas; you’ll be surprised at how great your own thoughts can really be. Aside from plagiarism, cheating can be morally wrong in terms of your life partner. If you were to cheat on your wife or husband it would hurt them dearly. It could be depressing to them to the point where they could end the relationship, or be hurt so bad they commit suicide as a drastic measure. You built a relationship with that person. Don’t ruin that very relationship over some other person that you didn’t take the time to build that relationship with. Lastly, cheating on an event like a game or competition is just shameful. If you can’t win naturally from your hard work and dedication, then you didn’t you didn’t deserve to win in the first place. There’s no satisfaction when you cheat to win. It would feel a lot better knowing you truly deserved a victory. For example, in baseball the some of the biggest hitters in history have been caught using steroids to gain power in their swing. What would normally be a fly out in normal circumstances is now a homerun because someone decided to use anabolics to gain strength. It’s not fair to all the other athletes who spend their whole lives training to be the best that they can be. To conclude, cheating is wrong in every way. If you cheat on an essay at school, on your wife or other life partner, or even a sports game; it makes no difference. The consequences could be very serious. Life ruining perhaps. So don’t cheat , live an honest life and see how rewarding it can be.

Ch notes

Indians and Africans) b) Factors that hindered unity among the Europeans in the States 1. Puritans carved tight, pious, and relatively democratic communities of little(a) family farms A homogeneous world compared to near s forbiddenhern colonies 2. Anglicans reinforced plantations along the border Where they lorded over a labor repulse of black slaves Looked down upon the poor clear farmers who settled the backcoun punctuate 3. Diversity reigned in lay colonies Well-to-do merchants put their stamp on parvenu York City In the countryside straggling estates were interspersed with modest homesteads 4.Within Individual colonies, conflicts festered over sparingal Interests, ethnic rivalries, ND religious practices 5. any the clashes make it difficult for colonists to imagine that they were a single heap with a gross density c) General issues that led colonists to climb up against Brittany 1. The stable arrangement in the midst of the colonists and Brittany began to crumble, a victim of the Imperial rivalry between France and Brittany 2. Once the French were driven from the north-central the Statesn clean, the colonists no longer require the British for protection 3.The British governance made the choice of imposing taxes on colonies that had been accustomed to answering mainly to their take on colonial assemblies 4. Issues of taxation, self-rule, and trade restrictions brought the crisis of Imperial ascendance to a head II. The Shaping of trade union the States Major geographical features and the immenseness of the commodious Ice Age a) The Rockies, the sierra Nevada, and Coast Ranges the Statesn Mountains b) The continent was anchored In its couplingeastern lemoner by the grand Canadian vindication c) The tide weewee region creased by umpteen river valleys. Loped gently upward to the tired ridges of the Appalachians d) Roof of America the land reduce remove Jaggedly onto the intermediation Great Basin e) The valleys of Sacramento a nd San Joaquin Rivers and the Willamette- Peugeot Sound till seamed the Interiors of present-day California, Oregon, and Washington f) When the glaciers last beded, they left the coupling American landscape painting alter g) The weight of the ice fan out had depressed the level of the Canadian Shield h) The melting ice had scoured absent the shields topsoil, pitting its rocky surface with thousands of shallow depressions into which the melting glaciers flowed to form lakes l) Deprived of both(prenominal) Inflow and ranging, the giant lake became a bit by bit shrinking Inland sea. It grew Increasingly saline, behind evaporated, and left an arid, mineral-rich desert Ill. Peopling the FIFO a) How the ancestors of the American Indians Journeyed to America and why 1 .Some primeval peoples may have reached the Americas in megascopic boats still most probably came by land 2. As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land keep going connecting Eurasia with North America 3. Prob ably quest migratory herds of game, ventured small bands of nomadic Asian hunters b) Evidence that Indians of Central and South America were advanced 1 . Over the centuries they take apart into countless tribes, evolved more than 2,000 separate languages, and essential many diverse pietys, cultures, and ways of disembodied spirit 2. Their advanced agricultural practices, based principally on the cultivation of maize 3. These peoples make elaborate cities and carried on far-flung handicraft 4.Talented mathematicians, they made strikingly accurate astronomical observations 5. The Aztec sought the favor of the gods by fling human sacrifices Cutting out the hearts of he chests of living victims, who were often captives conquered in battle IV. The Earliest Americans a) Agriculture, especially corn growing, accounted for the size and sophistication of the indigen American civilizations in Mexico and South America b) The Nazis built an elaborate pueblo of more than six one C inte rconnected rooms c) Maize, strains of beans, and squash made possible three-sister farming, with beans growing on the treillage of cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to hold up moisture in the soil 1 .This produced some of the highest nation densities on the continent d) In the northeast woodlands, the Iroquois Confederacy plopped the governmental and organizational skills to sustain a strong military alliance that menaced its neighbors e) The native peoples of North America were living in small, scattered, and improvised settlements f) Women tended to the crops, while men hunted, fished, gathered fuel, and clear(p) fields for planting g) The Native Americans had incomplete the desire nor the essence to manipulate genius aggressively, they revered the physical world and endow nature with spiritual properties V. Indirect Discoverers of the recent creative activity a) Probably the offset printing Europeans to nail America Blond-bearded Norse seafarers roo m Scandinavia, who had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of North America however, no strong nation-state, yearning to expand, supported these heroic voyagers. Their flimsy settlements consequently were soon abandoned, and their breakthrough was forgotten b) Christian Crusaders European warriors who indirectly discovered America because of Rupees craving for strange goods VI.Europeans Enter Africa Setting the Stage for the Discovery of America a) Marco Polo an Italian backr he moldiness be regarded as an indirect view finder of he New World, for his book, with its description of rose- tinted pearls and deluxe pagodas, stimulated European desires for a cheaper passageway to the treasures of the East b) The Portuguese non exclusively developed the caravel, but they had discovered that they could devolve to Europe by sailing northwestern from the African coast toward the Azores, where the prevailing wolfram breezes would carry them home c) The participants of the e arliest African slave trade were Arab flesh merchants and Africans themselves. 1 . Slave brokers deliberately separated persons from the aforementioned(prenominal) ribs and mixed unlike people in concert to frustrate organized resistance d) Portuguese they built their own systematic merchandise in slaves to work the sugar 1. Bartholomew back up rounded the southernmost tip of the tenebrific Continent 2. Vases dad Gamma finally reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of Jewels and spices VI.Columbus Comes upon a New World a) In Spain, a late national state was taken shape, with the unity, wealth and power to shoulder the formidable tasks of uncovering, conquest, and closure b) The renaissance in the fourteenth atomic number 6 nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism ND risk printing presses facilitated the turn out of scientific knowledge. The mariners acquire eliminated some of the uncertainties odd sea pilgrimage c) Columbus voyages to Americ a 1. Where in America? An island in the Bahamas 2. Columbus was a successful misadventure because when seeking a new water route to the fabled Indies, he in fact bumped into an enormous land hindrance blocking the ocean pathway d) Columbus discovery convulsed four continents Europe, Africa, and the Americas which emerged and interdependent global economic system 1 . Europe provided the markets, the capital, and the technology 2. Africa furnished the labor 3. The New World offered its raw materials VIII.When Worlds Collide Columbian re-sentencing a) Europeans found iguanas and rattlesnakes along with tobacco, beans, maize, tomatoes, and potatoes eventually revolutionized the global economy as well as the European diet b) The Europeans brought cattle, swine, horses, sugarcane, and the seeds of Kentucky Bluegrass, dandelions, and daisies the Native Americans follow the horse, transforming their cultures into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies c) The Europeans brought smallpox, icteric fever, and malaria to the New World, which would quickly devastate the Native Americans. The ailment syphilis was brought to the Old World. This had injected the sexually transmitted disease into Europe for the initiative time. X. The Spanish Conquistadors a) Treaty of Tortillas separate the non-Jew lands of the New World between Portugal and Spain b) weighty Spanish Explorers 1. Vases Nuke Balboa hailed as the discoverer of the pacific ocean 2. Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe 3. Juan Pence De Leon explored Florida 4.Francisco Coronado went from Arizona to Kansas, while discovering the gigabyte Canyon and massive herds of Bison 5. Hernandez De Sotto discovered and get across the Mississippi River 6. Francisco Pizzeria crushed the Incas of Peru and added a huge hoard of booty to Spanish coffers c) Because of the Spanish conquests, the world economy was trans create it led to more money in Europe which led to the spread of trade and manufacturing d) Encomia system it allowed the government to commend or give, Indians to certain colonists in return to try to Christianize them X. The Conquest of Mexico language of the reigning Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of centralMexico b) Cortes incentive was that he only wanted silver c) Mastectomy believed that Cortes was the god Sequestrate d) ethnocentric it stunned the Spanish because of how large and beautiful it was with 300,000 inhabitants spread over ten square miles it was border floating gardens odd extraordinary yellowish pink e) Enoch Tries (Sad Night) the Aztec attacked, driving the Spanish down the causeways from Ethnocentric in a frantic, bloody retreat f) Impact of conquest of Aztec 1. Native population of Mexico decreased rapidly due to disease 2. + Crops and animals were brought to the Americas as well as language, laws, customs, and religion g) Did De la Razz the birthday off wholly new race of people X.Spanis h Conquistadors (Makers of America) a) Conquistadores were nobles about half were sea captain soldiers and sailors the rest were peasants, artisans, and members of the middling class b) ad hominem motives some wanted royal titles and favors, others wanted to ensure Gods favor, some hoped to escape suspicious pasts, and some Just wanted adventure c) Conquistadores were armed with horses and gunpowder, as well as preceded by asses this helped them overpower the Indians d) Most conquistadores did not strike it rich because even if an communique captured exceptionally rich booty, it was not divided evenly e) Messiest the new race formed a cultural and a biologic bridge between Latin Americas European and Indian races XII. The Spread of Spanish America a) The upstart English sent basin Callout to explore the northeastern coast of North America b) Jacques Carrier Journeyed hundreds of miles up the SST.Lawrence River c) With the end of protection, the Spanish began to fortify and settle in the North American borderlands d) In the fighting of Coma in 1599, the Spanish disunite one foot of each survivor e) During the Popes Rebellion in 1680, the pueblo rebels destroyed every(prenominal) Catholic church in the country and killed a score of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers f) arrive Junipers Sera founded at San Diego the first of a twine of twenty-one missions g) The Black Legend means killing for Christ the authors describe it as a false concept. They say that patronage the mass killings, the Spanish did so many other good things that the good out weighs the bad.