Ch notes

Indians and Africans) b) Factors that hindered unity among the Europeans in the States 1. Puritans carved tight, pious, and relatively democratic communities of little(a) family farms A homogeneous world compared to near s forbiddenhern colonies 2. Anglicans reinforced plantations along the border Where they lorded over a labor repulse of black slaves Looked down upon the poor clear farmers who settled the backcoun punctuate 3. Diversity reigned in lay colonies Well-to-do merchants put their stamp on parvenu York City In the countryside straggling estates were interspersed with modest homesteads 4.Within Individual colonies, conflicts festered over sparingal Interests, ethnic rivalries, ND religious practices 5. any the clashes make it difficult for colonists to imagine that they were a single heap with a gross density c) General issues that led colonists to climb up against Brittany 1. The stable arrangement in the midst of the colonists and Brittany began to crumble, a victim of the Imperial rivalry between France and Brittany 2. Once the French were driven from the north-central the Statesn clean, the colonists no longer require the British for protection 3.The British governance made the choice of imposing taxes on colonies that had been accustomed to answering mainly to their take on colonial assemblies 4. Issues of taxation, self-rule, and trade restrictions brought the crisis of Imperial ascendance to a head II. The Shaping of trade union the States Major geographical features and the immenseness of the commodious Ice Age a) The Rockies, the sierra Nevada, and Coast Ranges the Statesn Mountains b) The continent was anchored In its couplingeastern lemoner by the grand Canadian vindication c) The tide weewee region creased by umpteen river valleys. Loped gently upward to the tired ridges of the Appalachians d) Roof of America the land reduce remove Jaggedly onto the intermediation Great Basin e) The valleys of Sacramento a nd San Joaquin Rivers and the Willamette- Peugeot Sound till seamed the Interiors of present-day California, Oregon, and Washington f) When the glaciers last beded, they left the coupling American landscape painting alter g) The weight of the ice fan out had depressed the level of the Canadian Shield h) The melting ice had scoured absent the shields topsoil, pitting its rocky surface with thousands of shallow depressions into which the melting glaciers flowed to form lakes l) Deprived of both(prenominal) Inflow and ranging, the giant lake became a bit by bit shrinking Inland sea. It grew Increasingly saline, behind evaporated, and left an arid, mineral-rich desert Ill. Peopling the FIFO a) How the ancestors of the American Indians Journeyed to America and why 1 .Some primeval peoples may have reached the Americas in megascopic boats still most probably came by land 2. As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land keep going connecting Eurasia with North America 3. Prob ably quest migratory herds of game, ventured small bands of nomadic Asian hunters b) Evidence that Indians of Central and South America were advanced 1 . Over the centuries they take apart into countless tribes, evolved more than 2,000 separate languages, and essential many diverse pietys, cultures, and ways of disembodied spirit 2. Their advanced agricultural practices, based principally on the cultivation of maize 3. These peoples make elaborate cities and carried on far-flung handicraft 4.Talented mathematicians, they made strikingly accurate astronomical observations 5. The Aztec sought the favor of the gods by fling human sacrifices Cutting out the hearts of he chests of living victims, who were often captives conquered in battle IV. The Earliest Americans a) Agriculture, especially corn growing, accounted for the size and sophistication of the indigen American civilizations in Mexico and South America b) The Nazis built an elaborate pueblo of more than six one C inte rconnected rooms c) Maize, strains of beans, and squash made possible three-sister farming, with beans growing on the treillage of cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to hold up moisture in the soil 1 .This produced some of the highest nation densities on the continent d) In the northeast woodlands, the Iroquois Confederacy plopped the governmental and organizational skills to sustain a strong military alliance that menaced its neighbors e) The native peoples of North America were living in small, scattered, and improvised settlements f) Women tended to the crops, while men hunted, fished, gathered fuel, and clear(p) fields for planting g) The Native Americans had incomplete the desire nor the essence to manipulate genius aggressively, they revered the physical world and endow nature with spiritual properties V. Indirect Discoverers of the recent creative activity a) Probably the offset printing Europeans to nail America Blond-bearded Norse seafarers roo m Scandinavia, who had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of North America however, no strong nation-state, yearning to expand, supported these heroic voyagers. Their flimsy settlements consequently were soon abandoned, and their breakthrough was forgotten b) Christian Crusaders European warriors who indirectly discovered America because of Rupees craving for strange goods VI.Europeans Enter Africa Setting the Stage for the Discovery of America a) Marco Polo an Italian backr he moldiness be regarded as an indirect view finder of he New World, for his book, with its description of rose- tinted pearls and deluxe pagodas, stimulated European desires for a cheaper passageway to the treasures of the East b) The Portuguese non exclusively developed the caravel, but they had discovered that they could devolve to Europe by sailing northwestern from the African coast toward the Azores, where the prevailing wolfram breezes would carry them home c) The participants of the e arliest African slave trade were Arab flesh merchants and Africans themselves. 1 . Slave brokers deliberately separated persons from the aforementioned(prenominal) ribs and mixed unlike people in concert to frustrate organized resistance d) Portuguese they built their own systematic merchandise in slaves to work the sugar 1. Bartholomew back up rounded the southernmost tip of the tenebrific Continent 2. Vases dad Gamma finally reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of Jewels and spices VI.Columbus Comes upon a New World a) In Spain, a late national state was taken shape, with the unity, wealth and power to shoulder the formidable tasks of uncovering, conquest, and closure b) The renaissance in the fourteenth atomic number 6 nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism ND risk printing presses facilitated the turn out of scientific knowledge. The mariners acquire eliminated some of the uncertainties odd sea pilgrimage c) Columbus voyages to Americ a 1. Where in America? An island in the Bahamas 2. Columbus was a successful misadventure because when seeking a new water route to the fabled Indies, he in fact bumped into an enormous land hindrance blocking the ocean pathway d) Columbus discovery convulsed four continents Europe, Africa, and the Americas which emerged and interdependent global economic system 1 . Europe provided the markets, the capital, and the technology 2. Africa furnished the labor 3. The New World offered its raw materials VIII.When Worlds Collide Columbian re-sentencing a) Europeans found iguanas and rattlesnakes along with tobacco, beans, maize, tomatoes, and potatoes eventually revolutionized the global economy as well as the European diet b) The Europeans brought cattle, swine, horses, sugarcane, and the seeds of Kentucky Bluegrass, dandelions, and daisies the Native Americans follow the horse, transforming their cultures into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies c) The Europeans brought smallpox, icteric fever, and malaria to the New World, which would quickly devastate the Native Americans. The ailment syphilis was brought to the Old World. This had injected the sexually transmitted disease into Europe for the initiative time. X. The Spanish Conquistadors a) Treaty of Tortillas separate the non-Jew lands of the New World between Portugal and Spain b) weighty Spanish Explorers 1. Vases Nuke Balboa hailed as the discoverer of the pacific ocean 2. Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe 3. Juan Pence De Leon explored Florida 4.Francisco Coronado went from Arizona to Kansas, while discovering the gigabyte Canyon and massive herds of Bison 5. Hernandez De Sotto discovered and get across the Mississippi River 6. Francisco Pizzeria crushed the Incas of Peru and added a huge hoard of booty to Spanish coffers c) Because of the Spanish conquests, the world economy was trans create it led to more money in Europe which led to the spread of trade and manufacturing d) Encomia system it allowed the government to commend or give, Indians to certain colonists in return to try to Christianize them X. The Conquest of Mexico language of the reigning Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of centralMexico b) Cortes incentive was that he only wanted silver c) Mastectomy believed that Cortes was the god Sequestrate d) ethnocentric it stunned the Spanish because of how large and beautiful it was with 300,000 inhabitants spread over ten square miles it was border floating gardens odd extraordinary yellowish pink e) Enoch Tries (Sad Night) the Aztec attacked, driving the Spanish down the causeways from Ethnocentric in a frantic, bloody retreat f) Impact of conquest of Aztec 1. Native population of Mexico decreased rapidly due to disease 2. + Crops and animals were brought to the Americas as well as language, laws, customs, and religion g) Did De la Razz the birthday off wholly new race of people X.Spanis h Conquistadors (Makers of America) a) Conquistadores were nobles about half were sea captain soldiers and sailors the rest were peasants, artisans, and members of the middling class b) ad hominem motives some wanted royal titles and favors, others wanted to ensure Gods favor, some hoped to escape suspicious pasts, and some Just wanted adventure c) Conquistadores were armed with horses and gunpowder, as well as preceded by asses this helped them overpower the Indians d) Most conquistadores did not strike it rich because even if an communique captured exceptionally rich booty, it was not divided evenly e) Messiest the new race formed a cultural and a biologic bridge between Latin Americas European and Indian races XII. The Spread of Spanish America a) The upstart English sent basin Callout to explore the northeastern coast of North America b) Jacques Carrier Journeyed hundreds of miles up the SST.Lawrence River c) With the end of protection, the Spanish began to fortify and settle in the North American borderlands d) In the fighting of Coma in 1599, the Spanish disunite one foot of each survivor e) During the Popes Rebellion in 1680, the pueblo rebels destroyed every(prenominal) Catholic church in the country and killed a score of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers f) arrive Junipers Sera founded at San Diego the first of a twine of twenty-one missions g) The Black Legend means killing for Christ the authors describe it as a false concept. They say that patronage the mass killings, the Spanish did so many other good things that the good out weighs the bad.